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Franco's Spain flattered itself as enjoying a preferential relationship with the Arab World, as with Latin America as well - a kind of compensation for Spain's lack of normalization within the international System. With its transition to democracy, Spain's place in the world has been redefined and, consequently, so have its relations in the Mediterranean. This has taken place in a context made difficult by Spain's integration into European and Western institutions, an integration that holsters it but no longer lets it take advantage of its different status. This redefinition has also occurred as Spain faces increased risks of destabilization from countries along the southern shoreline, which pose a very direct security problem for Spain. The policies it has implemented expose the divisions between several kinds of logic. They also reveal the many constraints Spain must face in a region split along different lines and in which it finds itself completely immersed.

Cette recherche a pour objectif de mettre en lumière les perceptions qu'ont les jeunes québécois.es et français.es musulman.e.s d'origine maghrébine de la place qui leur revient et qui leur est réservée dans l'espace citoyen. Il s'agit d'une recherche de type comparative entre les perceptions des deux populations à l'étude. Nous nous demandons plus précisément comment, en France et au Québec, se déclinent les différentes manières pour ces individus aux appartenances multiples de négocier leur identité citoyenne dans un contexte où, depuis le 11 septembre 2001, l'islam et les populations catégorisées comme musulmanes font l'objet d'une forte réprobation, voire d'une stigmatisation, sociale, politique et médiatique? Afin de répondre à cette question, nous avons procédé à des entretiens semi-dirigés de type qualitatifs auprès de six québécois.es et …

AbstractWe use a model of on-the-job learning which considers two principal forms of training within firms: learning by experience and learning by watching. Using matched employee-employer surveys (in French, Moroccan and Tunisian firms), we find contrasted effects of informal training on earnings. The results show higher returns to tenure in Maghreb whereas learning by experience is the only apprenticeship effect which has a significant impact on earnings of Moroccan employees. The richness of the model presented here consists in the estimation, not only of the wage effects of learning by experience and learning by watching, but also of the speed of knowledge diffusion in firms and the relative knowledge of the firm (relative to that of a new worker).

The purpose of this work was to apply Donnan dialysis (DD) and electrodialysis (ED) for removing fluoride ion from waters where the concentration exceeds acceptable values. The techniques both use ion-exchange membranes but involve different driving forces: the difference in the electrochemical potential on both sides of the membrane for DD and the difference in the electric potential in ED.Both techniques were applied to treat model waters, the compositions of which were very close to those of natural waters contaminated by fluorides. Three standard waters related to three different countries (Maghreb, Senegal and France) were prepared and treated with pre-industrial pilots. The active membrane area was 1760 cm2 for Donnan dialysis, 552 and 2000 cm2 for electrodialysis. Two anion exchange membranes, DSV from Asahi Glass and AFX from Tokuyama Soda, were tested in Donnan dialysis. Three electrodialysis stacks equipped with different anion and cation exchange membranes, AMV-AM1/CMV from Asahi Glass, AMX/CMX and ACS/CMS from Tokuyama Soda, were used. Conductivity, pH and the concentrations of each ionic species were monitored during membrane treatment. The initial fluoride concentration were 9.5, 6.08 and 2.66 mg L-1 in each standard water, respectively.In all cases, despite the presence of different anions (Cl-, HCO3-, SO42-) and cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) generally present in ground waters, a fluoride concentration in agreement to the norms (< 1.5 mg L-1) could be achieved regardless of the composition of the treated waters or the nature of the tested membranes. Electrodialysis decreased the anion and cation concentrations and induced a partial demineralization (about 70%) and consequently a softening of the treated water. On the contrary in Donnan dialysis, due to the electrolyte diffusion from the receiving compartment to the treated solution, the mineralization of the treated water increased slightly (about 10%). In this latter process, the anion concentration declined while no changes were observed in the cation concentration, except for sodium because of the electrolyte leakage. The DSV membrane was the most effective anion exchange membrane to use in DD. In ED, the AMV-AM1/CMV stack was selected on the basis of the demineralization and softening ratio, and the energy consumption.Donnan dialysis, which from an energy consumption point of view is more economical than ED, thus seems more adapted to the treatment of low mineralization waters.

Keywords: Membranes échangeuses d'ions, fluorure, défluoruration, dialyse de Donnan, électrodialyse, eau, Ion exchange membranes, fluoride ion, defluoridation, Donnan dialysis, electrodialysis, water