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472.More information
The main interest of concentrations measurements of suspended sediment (SS) in a catchment area is to establish an average sediment budget and deduct mechanical erosion rates at the basin scale. However, quantification of SS yield of a river is a delicate task, particularly in semi-arid area where the violent floods and short duration make it difficult samples. In the present study, measurements of water discharge and concentrations has been conducted by the National Agency of Water Resources in Bou-Hanifia basin, an important sub-basin of the Macta watershed characterized by a semi arid climate and strong rates of erosion. The sediments budgets results reflect a very strong temporal variability, both at seasonal as interannual scale, of solid transport. This is largely related to the climate aggressivity that can provide a very strong mobilization of SS occurring at varying periods. At the watershed scale during the period 1993-2006, the average sediments budgets is estimated to be 1,8 x 106 tonnes (t) and a degradation of 343 t∙a-1∙km-2. Indeed, the wet years are more exporting of SS. Thus, autumn season is the most erosive of the year representing 75% of the annual budget. In fact, the majority of SS export occurs during flood at the end of summer and the beginning of autumn, and they are at the origin between 36% and 94% sediment yield annually transported for 1% of the time, or three days per year.
Keywords: Concentrations des matières en suspension, bassin versant, semi-aride, transport solide, crue, érosion, Concentration of suspended sediment, watershed, semi-arid, sediment transport, flood, erosion
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473.More information
In a recent study, Gisèle Sapiro (2012) emphasised the obstacles to translation in the field of literature. Indeed, if we often speak with delight (and at times a certain naivety) of the “dialogue between cultures” advocabed by literary translation, less attention is paid to the conditions and obstacles that are involved in this dialogue. Yet, this issue is of utmost importance, especially when dealing with the translation of novels written by the so-called “banlieue” writers. By their very specificity, these novels mobilise power relations on the linguistic, social and cultural levels. On the basis of a case study of the Italian translations of Saphia Azzeddine's novels, this article aims at revealing the challenges and obstacles posed by translation, which can be divided into two intertwined and interdependent categories: internal obstacles, linked to translation difficulties raised by the use and misappropriation of banlieue slang; external obstacles due to editorial policies as well as social and economic factors relating to the circulation of books in the modern-day market.
Keywords: banlieue, langue des jeunes, argot des cités, traductologie, Saphia Azzeddine, banlieue, youth slang, argot des cités, translation studies, Saphia Azzeddine