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The question of irregular immigration is shaking up the countries on both shores of the Mediterranean today, because the migration phenomenon generates many human tragedies at each crossing of the sea, unacceptable for the conscience of humanity. The reality is that this immigration, because of its “clandestine” nature, continues to fuel the debates, both at European and Maghreb levels, or even at the African level. For Africa, from which successive migrant waves leave, it is a loss of valid arms for development. Irregular migration is of great concern to political leaders because of its scale and impact on transit and host countries. It would be the cause of social, political and security problems. The fear is that this immigration, considered as “risk-bearing”, constitutes a threat and a danger for the stability, the social cohesion and the identity of the host societies. This article analyzes the situation of migrants who are at odds with national laws on entry and residence in the receiving countries, and notes violations of their human rights at the stages of their trip. This requires legal protection in consideration of the human person, in accordance with the international law principles that recognize and outline rights for migrants and refugees.

Based on ethnographic data collected on the establishment of call centres in France and the Maghreb by a French insurance group, the article addresses the notion of 'voice', as an object and an analytical tool, to reveal the mechanisms for legitimizing the call centre workers' voice. It shows that the pursuit of an objective of economic profitability of the interaction through the professionalization, standardization, and delocalization of the employees' voice does not produce the expected effects. Phenomena of discrimination and domination act through and on these voices, inseparable from the social spaces in which they are produced and heard.

Keywords: voice, voix, call centres, centres d'appels, delocalization, délocalisation, discrimination, discrimination, France, France, Magreb, Magreb

SummaryThis text focuses on the success of the relationship between immigrant families and school and seeks to understand the original patching up which articulate the families' as well as the school's strategies. Indeed, the interdependence between families and schools is historical : depending on societies, cultures and policies, it was instituted in various ways. Based on a research elaborated in Quebec targeting young immigrants and refugees, this article presents several models of families-schools collaborations that are favourable to the youth's academic success and that integrate various actors, such as, the youth, the parents, the schools and their personnel, and the community.

Keywords: familles immigrantes, écoles, collaborations, implication, modèles, immigrant families, schools, collaborations, implication, models, familias inmigrantes, escuelas, colaboraciones, implicación, modelos

ABSTRACTA questioning of the position of fathers in public housing districts in France today is occurring in a context of ineffectual public policies, and often focusses on the notion of authority, related to public security problems. This article explores the social conditions in which this authority is exercised, particularly in the immigrant situation. This immigrant situation and the resultant transformations in the role of the father are easier to understand by looking at the immigrant family in relation to the family in the country of origin. From this perspective, public policies can be seen as indirectly undermining the position of the father without offering possibilities for new roles. But new roles are emerging from new relationships and new alliances forged between family members in a disadvan-taged urban setting, where current public policy is paradoxically leading to a privatization of the public sphere and the risk of diminished state involvement.

The Mitidja watershed (1 300 km2), located in northern Algeria, has experienced a drought in the late 20th century. The purpose of this work is to characterize this episode and determine its spatial extension in the watershed through the study of rainfall data measured at eight stations. The analysis of the long rainfall series of the Hamiz dam reference station (1905-2010) using several statistical tests (Mann-Kendall, Pettitt, Buishand U, and the Bayesian procedure of Lee and Heghinian) revealed that this episode of drought occurred between 1973 and 2001 and caused a decrease in annual rainfall varying between 16% and 24% in the watershed. After this period of drought, a wet period settled in the Mitidja, causing annual rainfall to increase by 31.4%, particularly at the Réghaïa station.

Keywords: Mitidja, variabilité pluviométrique, sécheresse, tendance, rupture, analyse statistique, Mitidja, rainfall variability, drought, trend, break-point, statistical analysis

Keywords: Maroc, mobilité spatiale, tourisme international, tourisme résidentiel, migration d'agrément, 8 septembre 2017

Social scientists have renewed their interest in the middle class, especially in contexts where it plays a critical role in urban processes (for example, gentrification, housing market dynamics, or the rise of right-wing political parties). However, in Quebec, and in Canada in general, scholars have tended to overlook the middle classes, giving their attention instead to the top and bottom layers of the social hierarchy. This article demonstrates why it is worth taking a serious look at the middle classes. We present the results of a study of interethnic relations in four middle-class neighbourhoods in the Montreal region. Drawing on fieldwork in the neighbourhoods that was designed to let opinions about growing local ethnocultural diversity emerge spontaneously, we show that while people do not always know how exactly to name this diversity, they generally hold positive attitudes towards it, along with a certain discomfort at times.

Keywords: Cohabitation interethnique, quartiers, classes moyennes, perceptions de la diversité, Montréal, Interethnic relations, neighbourhood, middle class, perceptions of diversity, Montreal

Rural areas that are becoming urbanized in Agadir are experiencing major changes as a result of globalized economic and urban dynamics. Better understanding the urban - rural/rural - urban interrelationship that has developed means analyzing the strategies adopted by economic or sociopolitical stakeholders in relation to major issues such as export-based agribusiness, international tourism, and important land-related issues arising from the growth of metropolitan Agadir. These strategies vary, depending on the importance of the players involved, the strength of their ties to the region and the flexibility they can exercise in alternating between alliances and competition. The major economic stakeholders, most of them transnationals, some involved in local or national politics and others not, draw simultaneously on urban and rural resources. The resulting tightly-woven fabric of capitalism leaves little room for smaller players. While this excessive, global economy-dependent integration does lead to remarkable economic success, it also increases socioeconomic and environmental vulnerability, thereby undermining any possibility of sustainable development.

Keywords: Grand Agadir, espaces ruraux, périurbanisation, mondialisation, acteurs, vulnérabilités, Metropolitan Agadir, rural spaces, peri-urbanization, globalization, stakeholders, vulnerabilities, Gran Agadir, espacios rurales, peri urbanización, mundialización, actores, vulnerabilidades

This article presents the basis of the movement initiated by the International Institute of Geopoetics. The transdisciplinary dimension of this research and creation field, founded by Kenneth White in 1989, and the predominance of some principles such as nomadism, outside and radical critics, join many concerns particular to travel writing, situated between literature and geography. The geopoetic approach opens the reflection as well on the poetic pole, which means the intrinsic link between the travel and the writing of the journey, as the reading pole, that needs to consider the reader's subjectivity and his own connection to the world. The examination of Écrits sur le sable from Isabelle Eberhardt (who belongs to Swiss, French and Maghrebi literatures) allows us to explore many important notions in geopoetics as landscape, polysensoriality and movement.

Keywords: Géopoétique, récit de voyage, désert, nomadisme, paysage, Geopoetics, travel writing, desert, nomadism, landscape, Geopoética, literatura de viajes, desierto, nomadismo, paisaje