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Background. Use of performance-enhancing drugs by young adults is a growing concern in public health, particularly for academic and sport organizations, postsecondary institutions and health authorities.Methods. A sample of 469 students between 18 and 24 years of age completed a survey on use of alcohol, tobacco and doping products and motivations for these practices. Multiple logistic regressions have been used to study associations between use of these products and socio-economic and academic variables.Results. Three quarters of students had consumed at least one doping product in the last year, other that alcohol, to improve physical or intellectual performance. This includes cannabis (25,0%), energy drinks (38,0%), protein and creatine supplements (22,0 %) and caffeine pills (13,0%). Findings demonstrate that students participating in league sports are more likely to consume alcohol and cannabis than students not in a league sport. Associations exist between ethnolinguistic group and use of alcohol, caffeine pills, energy drinks, as well as alcohol and energy drink mixes and alcohol and drug mixes. Most common motivations for use of these products are to reduce stress and stay awake.Conclusion. Prevention strategies are needed, targeting students according to ethnolinguistic origins, as practices differ among the diverse student populations in Canadian universities.

Keywords: performance intellectuelle et physique, alcool, tabac et drogues, boisson énergisante, minorité linguistique, ligue de sport, étudiants postsecondaires, intellectual and physical performance, substance use, linguistic minority, league sports, postsecondary students, rendimiento intelectual y físico, alcohol, tabaco y drogas, bebidas energizantes, minoría lingüística, liga de deportes, estudiantes postsecundarios

The paper describes how the German Mittelstand, or small-and medium-sized entreprises, are financed in Germany. The first section of the paper documents the role of the German Mittelstand, both in a static and a dynamic framework, and contrasts it to that in other leading developed industrialized countries. In general, the Mittelstand has played a more important role in Germany than have small-and medium-sized enterprises in other developed industrialized nations such as the United States and the United Kingdom. The traditional success of the German Mittelstand is attributable to a system of finance which is richly layered by complementary institutions designed to meet the financial needs of both large and smaller enterprises. At the same time there is evidence that even under the German system of finance a negative relationship exists between liquidity constraints and firm size. And, it appears that the German system of finance is particularly vulnerable in its ability to channel funds into new firms in new industries.

Keywords: Finance, Allemagne, PME, Contrainte de liquidité

Digital curation may be regarded as a core competency in higher education since it contributes to establishing a sense of metaliteracy (an essential requirement for optimally functioning in a modern media environment) among students. Digital curation is gradually finding its way into higher education curricula aimed at fostering social media literacies. Teachers are urged to blend informal and formal learning and since most people informally use curation in their daily lives for compiling relevant information, it may be fairly easy to adopt digital curation in teaching and learning. Teachers, however, require considerable insight in incorporating various informal digital curation tools in educational practices. The SECTIONS model may assist in guiding decisions around the suitability of digital curation tools for a higher education environment. Including digital literacy training in the professional development of academic staff members may sensitize them to the possibilities that incorporating digital approaches in curricula offer. The Five Cs of Digital Curation framework may guide academic staff members in compiling suitable digital material. There as yet appears not to be a pedagogy that fully acknowledges the various digital curation processes. A pedagogy of abundance, acknowledging that content often is freely available and abundant, may eventually prove relevant in this regard.

Keywords: Competency, digital curation, digital literacy, higher education, metaliteracy, openness, pedagogy of abundance, SECTIONS model

AbstractUntil recently, studies into juveniles' leisure activities concentrated mainly on adolescents. In this study, the leisure activities of both pre-adolescents and adolescents are studied. Departing from sociological debates on the busyness of contemporary young adolescents' leisure diaries and of an advanced onset of the transition from childhood into the youth phase, a questionnaire was designed for 10 to 15 year-olds. 927 Dutch youngsters were studied. By means of CATPCA, it was found that 10-12 year-old girls mainly engage in reading and in creative activities, whereas the boys spend most time playing outside. Fourteen and fifteen year-olds, on the other hand, showed a clear interest in youth-cultural activities, which did not support theoretical notions about the advancement of adolescence at the expense of childhood. Questions on organized activities showed that the market of leisure opportunities is not equally accessible to everyone: higher class kids are in an advantageous position compared to lower class kids, which affects the degree to which these subgroups have the opportunity to develop important leisure capital through informal learning.

The main objective of this article is to explore the convergence and divergence in both of these North American nations' Cuba policy. The last 49 years have been full of important and dramatic economic, political, military, and socio-cultural events worldwide that have had an impact on this triangular relationship. Therefore, even the smallest attempt at covering all aspects over such a long period would be worthy of a much lengthier piece of writing. However, an overview of the post-1959 period reveals a remarkable continuity in American Cuba policy. The main objective of successive United States governments, both Republican and Democrat, has been regime change by using a full arsenal of overt and covert means, while Canadian policy has diverged mostly in terms of the means to promote the desired changes that would bring Cuba back to the pattern of Western socio-economic capitalist formation. This article is mainly the result of a study of the initial years of the Cuban revolution, from 1959 to 1962, that were full of defining and transformational events. These events set the tone for the years to come against the backdrop of the prevailing order of international relations resulting from the Second World War and the Cold War.

The purpose of this study is to examine the links between the level of investment of small and medium-sized firms and the degree of uncertainty of business environnement and the degree of risk aversion of business leaders.The analysis makes use of qualitative data collected by the Banque de France in a national survey conducted in 1996 on the strategic behavior of 1436 small and medium-sized French industrial firms.Four management styles associated with significant differences in business uncertainty, risk aversion and investment rates are distinguished. Then a multiple regression model confirms and completes the results.It is demonstrated that the combination of uncertainty of business environment and risk aversion is negatively correlated with investment rate. In order to spur small and medium-sized firms to increase their productive investments the findings suggest to encourage business leaders to collect as much strategic informations as possible and to raise their R&D spendings.

Keywords: Investissement, Irréversibilité, Dirigeant, Incertitude, Aversion au risque

After a short description of tontines in Benin, the author of this paper presents the results of a survey on their capacity to finance economic activity. The survey was conducted with 1,620 workshops owned by sole traders.The paper provides quantitative and financial information on the activity of craftsmen as economic agents and heads of households on the one hand, and as lenders to or borrowers from tontines on the other hand.Two major observations stand out :only 42,48 % of all the resources collected by tontines covered 25 % of the workshop's financial needs;as the time factor is not taken into consideration in this type of informal financial transaction, tontine funds-lending offers no incentive towards increased efficiency in the management of small businesses.Yet, one may not conclude that the growing supply of informal financial services from tontines falls on barren soil. The very flexibility of tontines provides reason for hope.

D. Appleton's Memoirs of the Empress Eugénie, published in English in 1920 in New York and London and in translation in Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands and Sweden, took a circuitous path to publication since the completion of the manuscript in Paris in 1908. The widow of Napoléon iii had contributed via interviews with her godson, Comte Maurice Fleury, stipulating posthumous publication. To protect the work from copyright infringement in the interim, Fleury and co-editor Theodore Stanton translated the French manuscript material into English and added content. A clandestine, anonymous “pre-edition” produced in 1908 established D. Appleton's claim in Great Britain and the United States. The European publishers, expecting a French manuscript, were dismayed at translating a translation, while re-translation of their versions into English posed the greatest threat to copyright. By 1920, the work's autobiographical, first-person narration had been modified to the third person and Fleury's name added as author, but not all European editions followed suit. A mismatched set of supposedly identical translations was the result.

Language is a typically human phenomenon and, for that reason, essentially linked to the desire for Power; essentially linked to life, it is the phenomenon we grow up with, we use to create relationships with others, to negotiate, to love and to hate. Language, and the use we make of language, is particularly interesting at a moment in time like the present, characterised by globalisation and the proliferation of homogenizing discourses. The aim of this essay is to consider the peculiar uses of language in the translation of texts related to the world of fashion and marketing of products in women's magazines. In these texts many words are not translated, we find frequent uses of English and French. These untranslated words arealready translations, because the fact that they remain in English or French provokes sensations we would not have if they had been transmitted to us, in this case, in Spanish.

Keywords: globalisation, revues féminines, mythe, langage, idéologie, globalisation, women's magazines, myth, language, ideology

This article is based on an ongoing study of the memory of rights in Quebec community organizations over a fifty-year period (1960-2010), which involves accounts by movement actor-witnesses in five sectors of action, namely women, migration, disability, mental health, and LGBT. The article sets out a preliminary analysis of this material by focusing on 16 of the actor-witnesses that were met with in the sector of migration, and more specifically the main struggles in which they have been involved. Special attention is given to the wording of a legal dispute and on interactions between civil society and the state, especially regarding instances of immigration and labour issues. The wording of the dispute, which is the result of a contention between the actor-witnesses, the groups they represent, and state power and the dominant society, brings to light how legal and human-rights ideas are expressed, transformed, and applied in this specific realm. The concept of the social life of rights is highlighted in connection with collective memory, testimony, and the issue of culture.

Keywords: Saillant, Lévy, Ramirez-Villagra, mémoire, témoignage, droits humains, droits de la personne, reconnaissance, immigration, réfugiés, Canada, Québec, ONG, groupes communautaires, Saillant, Lévy, Ramirez-Villagra, Memory, Testimony, Human Rights, Recognition, Immigration, Refugee, Canada, Quebec, NGO, Community Groups, Saillant, Lévy, Ramirez-Villagra, memoria, testimonios, derechos humanos, derechos de la persona, reconocimiento, inmigración, refugiado, Canadá, Quebec, ONG, grupos sociales