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In this article, we develop a thorough research on the determinants of the entrepreneurial motivation of mompreneurs in French context.The results of our study show that the motivational dimensions of french mompreneurs are diverse and not mutually exclusive. Beyond the work-family balance, the search for satisfaction, independence and professional recognition are important factors of entrepreneurial motivation. However, they are conditioned by contextual factors present at the time of the creation which may change over time. This paper proposes a model of the entrepreneurial motivation of mompreneurs which includes the consideration of three different motivational levels : psychological, economic and environmental.

Keywords: Entrepreneuriat féminin, Facteurs push/pull, Mampreneur, Mompreneur, Mumpreneur, Motivation entrepreneuriale, Female entrepreneurship, Push/Pull factors, Mampreneur, Mompreneur, Mumpreneur, Entrepreneurial motivation, Emprendimiento femenino, Factores push/pull, Mampreneur, Mompreneur, Mumpreneur, Motivacion emprendedora

The development of a responsible conduct comes with singular challenges for SMEs. Therefore, research on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has led to extensive documentation on the potential levers and obstacles to the adoption of such practices. However, the CSR adoption process remains underexplored to date. Consequently, this research aims to identify the trajectories followed by SMEs when adopting CSR practices and to understand what internal and external factors may explain these different trajectories. Based on the study of fourteen hotel SMEs, we highlight the existence of four typical trajectories for the adoption of CSR practices. We also point out the role of internal factors in the adoption of a CSR approach as well as the existence of different levers and obstacles that explain the adoption of different trajectories.

Keywords: RSE, PME, Hôtellerie, Trajectoires, CSR, SME, Hotel sector, Trajectories, RSE, PyME, Hoteles, Trayectorias

AbstractIf design and innovation have been largely studied by researchers in management, this question is relatively less adressed in the craft context. This article deals with the design and innovation figures, identified after three years of work within a regional club associating both different craftsmen and researchers.Based on an empirical study of 15 craft firms in several sectors (sometimes traditional sector) results put into light several various shapes and stages in design and innovation processes.After the presentation of the different theoretical approaches of design and innovation and their limits in the craft context, we expose the research methodology and this original approach of regional club. Afterwards, the proposal of a typology of design and innovation couple is discussed and considered to characterize the cratfman as an original figure of project manager.

Keywords: Conception, Innovation, Artisanat, Projet, Management, Entreprise artisanale

There has been a lack of research on risk management in SMEs over the past years, however, interest for this increasingly important area is growing. Brustbauer (2016) and St-Pierre and El Fadil (2017) for example, have started to lay the foundations of a strategic risk management in SMEs (ERMSME or Enterprise Risk Management for SMEs). This reflects the way SMEs can overcome the vulnerabilities often due to their main specificities (e.g. proximity, limited resources, and strategic myopia). Such firms can thus develop resilience helping them to face multiple risks, often resulting in chains of risks when they design their development strategies. We propose here the foundations of what could be a strategic capability of risk management for SMEs, taking into account recent work on this issue (Brustbauer, 2016, St-Pierre and El Fadil, 2017) as well as an analysis of contributions selected for this special issue on risk management by SMEs in different contexts (internationalisation, integration into supply chain or partnership).

Keywords: Capacité dynamique à gérer les risques, Cascade de risques, Gestion des risques, Management stratégique des risques, Résilience, Vulnérabilités, Ability to dynamically manage risk, Risk Chain, Risk Management, Strategic Management of Risk, Resilience, Vulnerabilities, Habilidad dinámica para gestionar los riesgos, Cascada de riesgos, Gestión de Riesgos, Gestión Estratégica del Riesgo, Resiliencia, Vulnerabilidad

This article analyzes recent developments in environmental activism, in particular movements focused on reconfiguring material flows. The desire for sustainability has spawned an interest in changing the material relationship between humans, other beings, and the non-human realm. No longer willing to take part in unsustainable practices and institutions, and not satisfied with purely individualistic and consumer responses, a growing focus of environmental movement groups is on restructuring everyday practices of circulation, for example, on sustainable food, renewable energy, and making. The shift to a more sustainable materialism is examined using three frameworks: a move beyond an individualist and value-focused notion of post-materialism, into a focus on collective practices and institutions for the provision of the basic needs of everyday life; Foucault's conceptions of governmentality and biopolitics, which articulate modes of power around the circulation of things, information, and individuals; and a new ethos around vibrant and sustainable materialism with an explicit recognition of human immersion in non-human natural systems. These frames allow us to see and interpret common themes across numerous, seemingly disparate initiatives focused on replacing unsustainable practices and forging alternative flows.

Keywords: Environnementalisme, mouvements sociaux, nouveau matérialisme, gouvernementalité, post-matérialisme, durabilité, Environmentalism, social movements, new materialism, governmentality, post-materialism, sustainability

Since the pioneers works of Beaver, Ball and Brown in 1968, a lot of literature has been developed around the problem of accounting numbers informativeness. At the beginning of this century, the debate has been renewed by financial scandals. In most of the cases, the perspective of analysis retained by various studies was that of highly-rated manager companies. As far as this perspective of analysis does not allow to easily understand the influence of the actors on the quality of accounting numbers, this article proposes an extension of the problem in SME context, the main question being to know if the ethical profile of the owner-managers influences the informative contents of these numbers. The empirical study concerns the accounting data of a sample of 93 SME candidates to bank financing. The main result brought to light is that SME impsen rationing on the banking credit market are surprisingly the ones whose book value of the net assets is relatively higher. The analysis leads to the conclusion that ethical profile of the owner-mangers justifies this result.

Keywords: Nombres comptables, Profil éthique des propriétaires-dirigeants, Passif bancaire des PME, Accounting Numbers, Owners managers' ethical profile, SME's bank liabilities, Cifras contables, Profil ético de los proprietarios dirigentes, PYME passiva bancaria

Using the BMS-10 scale (Burnout Measure Short version composed of ten éléments) it is shown that its level increased and its composition changed in French SME owners-managers from before to during the Covid-19 pandemic. Seven independent samples of SME owners-managers collected over a period from 2012 to the end of April 2020 (one month after the start of the first lockdown in France) are investigated. Before the pandemic the hierarchy of éléments is largely the same with feelings of being tired, of disappointment with people and of exhaustion (“I've had it”) as the three most important ones. During the pandemic a new hierarchy appears with feelings of helplessness and being trapped as the two most important éléments. This points at an unprecedented form of impediment exhaustion. Two lessons can be drawn. First of all, the governmental and health authorities should be aware of the risk of an increasing burnout for SME owners-managers during the Covid-19 crisis and in particular during lockdown episodes. Secondly, by assuming that a SME owner-manager can be confronted with a situation of incapacity, due to an accident or an illness, pension and health insurance institutions should be alerted about the option to set up novel consultation and support services in order to prevent the deterioration of mental health related to impediment exhaustion. This development seems so severe and so specific that the term impediment exhaustion syndrome is proposed.

Keywords: Confinement, Burnout, Syndrome d'épuisement d'empêchement, Dirigeants propriétaires de PME, Sentiment d'impuissance, Covid-19, France, Lockdown, Burnout, Impediment exhaustion syndrome, SME owners-managers, Feeling of helplessness, Covid-19, France, Confinamiento, Síndrome de burnout, Síndrome de agotamiento por impedimento, Dirigentes-propietarios de PyME, Sentimiento de impotencia, Covid-19, Francia

This study on structured business angels' groups focuses on the evolution of the criteria for the selection of entrepreneurial projects candidates for financing, between two successive stages of the process, based on actual data and real-time evaluations. At the pre-screening stage, the coordinators responsible for studying the proposals require any project to be carried by entrepreneurs who have strong managerial skills while simultaneously proposing a business plan that seems credible. At the oral pitch presentation stage on the other hand, business angels are particularly concerned about the competitive advantage of projects. Entrepreneurs must be trusted by business angels throughout the screening process while their social capital does not seem to be considered by business angels.

Keywords: Entrepreneur, Start-up, Business angels, Critères d'investissement, Sélection de projets, Investissement, Entrepreneur, Startup, Business angels, Investment criteria, Screening of projects, Investment, Contratista, Inicio, Business Angels, Criterios de inversión, Selección de proyectos, Inversión

This study examines the ability of women entrepreneurs in Burkina Faso to sustain their business in the formal trade and services sector, as they face different forms of subordination and exclusion, the complex articulation of which has not yet been clarified (Marlow, 2019). As women, they have to negotiate the masculine norms of the formal sector. As an established businesswoman, they are at odds with survivalist female norms that have real legitimacy in the country. In this context, how do they navigate between these two gender regimes? Our interpretative approach compares what women say they do to sustain their business with how they comment on their actions. We show that they manage to make the most of both male and female entrepreneurial worlds. This navigation is possible because they work with, adhere to and distance themselves from both the masculine norms of the formal sector and the feminine survivalist norms. However, in this double game, they experience a sense of incongruity and duplicity with both communities. This can limit many of the exchanges that would allow them to make more sense of what they have undertaken to nurture a strategic vision.

Keywords: Genre, Pérennité entrepreneuriale, Afrique subsaharienne, Subordination et insubordination, Gender, Entrepreneurial sustainibility, Sub-Saharan Africa, Subordination and insubordination, Género, Sostenibilidad empresarial, África subsahariana, Subordinación e insubordinación

AbstractFor the last few decades, the questions of medicine and public health have been reorganized around changes that make health a veritable norm. From discreet entities with constant variables, the two elements of the health/sickness pair are henceforth set out on a continuum limited at one end by the hard core of proven sickness and on the other, by its antinomic value, namely perfect health. Between these poles, the identification of risk levels constitutes the main means of reconfiguring the notion of prevention on the basis of increased recourse to medication. Using three cases as illutration : high blood pressure, depression and erectile dysfunction, this paper shows how the evolution in clinical reasoning, the arrival of new medication and the mobilization of public health combine to substitute the relationship of functions proper to medical reasonings for the relationship of sense that characterises the dynamics in society.