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An assessment of social economy (ES) activities raises various questions. Which concepts and methodology should be employed? How should the unique contribution of the social economy be evaluated at a time when a number of capitalist firms are concerned about social responsibility? The contribution of the ES to the democratization of the economy also raises certain political issues surrounding the evaluation of the social economy. If the specific features of the ES are to be taken into account, neither a perspective that focuses solely on maximum productivity nor a purely economic or managerial approach is adequate. According to the author, there are three interlinking dimensions that need to be considered—the organizational dimension, the social utility dimension and the institutional dimension. As the assessment provides a forum for involvement in the direction and control of action, it thus becomes a critical stage in the governance of ES activities.

AbstractTwenty three in-depth interviews were conducted with women executives in high-level sports in Quebec with the goal to assess their perception of the treatment they receive and identify the strategies they use to overcome the challenges of working in a sexist environment. Building on the feminist sociology theory of gender social relationships, the analysis of the data with ALCESTE reveals the following. Women executives in sports observe disparity in treatment to the benefit of males. Sport management positions are culturally male dominated spheres in which, women have to blend in the majority and play the male game to be heard or to have their work done. All the participants to the study disapprove and oppose this situation. They use various resistance strategies to earn their positions.

The authors is preoccupied with the performance of given societies in providing work opportunites for their citizens, and in developing private and public policies which contribute to employment security.

SummaryThe global COVID-19 pandemic acted as an exogenous shock that forced organizations to adopt homeworking as a common form of work for many occupations. By that time researchers had been stressing the gap between technical feasibility of homeworking – reaching on average one third of employment in both the US and EU28 (Dingel and Neiman 2020, Sostero et al. 2020) – and its practical adoption in organisations. The massive shift to homeworking during the pandemic – especially in countries such as France and Italy, which both experienced a widespread lockdown during the first wave – has been an opportunity to study homeworking across a large and heterogeneous cross-section of occupations and sectors. To that end, the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (in Seville) funded real-time cross-occupational qualitative research on which this paper is based.First, drawing on studies that attribute the delayed spread of homeworking to the dialectic between workers' self-latitude and managerial control, we examined how compulsory homeworking affected workers' self-latitude to define and perform their tasks. We identified two different phases and temporary arrangements of the worker self-latitude/managerial control dialectic during the time under study. Second, we analyzed how different forms of control developed under the new organization of work. Specifically, we studied how the outcomes varied by occupation and along the vertical division of labour. Our results suggest an ongoing hybridization of personal, technical and bureaucratic forms of control. Accordingly, we agree with labour process theorists who argue that personal, bureaucratic and technical forms of control complement each other, rather than being stages of a linear and functionalist succession.AbstractThe global COVID-19 pandemic acted as an exogenous shock that forced organizations to adopt homeworking as a common form of work for many occupations. Drawing on a real-time cross-occupational qualitative survey, we first examined how compulsory homeworking affected workers' freedom to define and perform their tasks. Second, we analyzed how different forms of control developed under the new organization of work. Specifically, we studied how the outcomes varied by occupation and along the vertical division of labour. Our findings agree with those of labour process theorists who argue that personal, bureaucratic and technical forms of control complement each other, rather than being stages of a linear succession.JEL classification: L23, M54, 033, J81.

Keywords: homeworking, work organization, labour process, autonomy, control

Writers have invoked the concept of the “cinema of attractions,” from early cinema studies, to claim that horror films sacrifice narrative integrity to deliver sudden frights and spectacular shocks. An examination of the history of the concept of the attraction, however, finds it heavily theorized by Sergei Eisenstein as something that can bind films together in powerful ways. In one horror film, The Old Dark House (1932), slamming doors, quaking thunder, shattering glass and a rampaging mute butler, while scary, also figure in James Whale's scheme to criss-cross his film with motifs and other repetitions and produce a work that gains with every viewing. Even with its thin narrative, stock characters and, already in 1932, very familiar story about characters trapped in an old dark house, the film hangs together in intricate ways. Most elaborately, Whale embeds attractions in a grid that overlays the tiered spaces of the setting. Characters move up and down the creaky staircases and along the suspended hallways, chasing each other, scuffling, and withholding and disclosing secrets. Scenographic and narrative space mesh into a tight unity lit up by a constellation of “fun house” jolts. Props, including lamps and knives, circulate through these spaces as well, tracing patterns that startle viewers while simultaneously rendering the film rigorously and beautifully coherent.

The online adult entertainment industry, as Darling (2014) showed, is a new case of low intellectual property regime, i.e. largely inefficient in preventing the massive copying of content. In this paper, we focus on alternative pornography and explore the mechanisms which contribute to the creation of pornographic content. We argue that user communities help content providers to absorb sunk costs associated with content production and distribution. Our main conclusion is that, although user communities cannot solve alone the incentive failure in online pornography, they complement and reinforce strategies which enable content producers to earn revenues from vulnerable copyrighted works.

Keywords: intellectual property rights, communities, low IP regime, online adult entertainment industry, alternative pornography, droits de propriété intellectuelle, communautés, régime de propriété intellectuel faible, industrie pour adulte en ligne, pornographie alternative, derechos de propiedad intelectual, comunidades, régimen de baja protección de la propiedad intelectual, industria del entretenimiento para adultos en línea, pornografía alternativa

AbstractFrom the study of a knowledge management project developed in a consultancy firm, we sought to understand the approach and the used technological device. Given the results, we seek to understand the reasons of the failure of the project. The first part of the article presents the case study. In the second part, we build on theoretical discourses to elucidate the reasons for this failure and to remind the main prerequisites to develop an efficient knowledge management.

Keywords: connaissance, information, gestion des connaissances, technologies de l'information, engagement du personnel, connaissance tacite, knowledge, information, knowledge management, information technology, employee commitment, tacit knowledge, del conocimiento, la información, gestión del conocimiento, informtion tecnología, compromiso de los empleados, el conocimiento tácito

AbstractThere is a wide recognition today of the importance of cognition in the renewal of knowledge in entrepreneurship studies. However, our understanding of how scholars make use of the cognitive vocabulary, particularly the concept of cognition, is thus far very limited. Yet, having a better knowledge of such usage would not only bring to light researchers various' interests, but would also stimulate a reflection and initiate a theoretical-oriented discussion about the use of cognition in entrepreneurship research, and help researchers position their own works. Hence, the present study aims to provide an answer to the following research question : How scholars make use of the concept of cognition in their research on entrepreneurship ? More particularly, the objective of the research is to identify and characterize the set of expressions containing the concept of cognition in the academic literature on entrepreneurship. To do so, we queried the ABI/INFORM Database. Thus, based on the information obtained, we provided a comprehensive and in-depth description of what attracts the most interest among researchers who use the concept of cognition in the study of entrepreneurship. Interestingly, the analysis of the surveyed articles shows that the concepts of entrepreneurship and cognition are simultaneously present in 134 titles or abstracts of articles that were published after the year 1993, and that their co-presence was ever increasing since then. From a theoretical point of view, the study proposes a reference framework peculiar to entrepreneurship researchers who use the concept of cognition in their research. More specifically, the results show that the expressions containing the word cognition or its derivatives refer to broad theoretical or epistemological orientations (e.g. cognitive perspective). Sometimes, they refer to general concepts (e.g. cognitive factors, cognitive dimension) and, very often, to specific objects that indicate what cognition characterizes (e.g. referential systems, tools and aptitudes) or what it is itself characterized by (e.g. individual or group level, complexity and coherence). The limits of the proposed classification in categories and sub-categories are discussed and avenues for future research are presented.

Keywords: Cognition, Entrepreneuriat, Méta-analyse, Épistémologie, ABI/INFORM/Global

This essay models power and counter-power games aimed at controlling sexual identities in entrepreneurship. To date, the discipline has avoided dealing with economic models inspired by homosexual liberation. In order to limit its interest in the field of value creation, it presents entrepreneurship as a refuge for discriminated homosexual employees. However, studies in history and political science show that, through their activism, these entrepreneurs have opened up a viable alternative market and participated in the development of the inclusive agenda. In addition to the two queer entrepreneurial imaginaries of refuge and activism, this essay highlights the existence of a counter-participatory dynamic, that of entrepreneurial queering that challenges the gains of identity politics and the inclusive agenda. In order to guarantee a renewal of the entrepreneurial spirit, defensive queering seeks to preserve the (unique) experience of producing oneself as a queer entrepreneur. Offensive queering proposes economic models whose core is not to propose an alternative like the founders of the queer market, but to challenge the heteronormative regime.

Keywords: Queering entrepreneurial, Inclusivité, Politiques identitaires, Hétéronormativité, Entrepreneurial queering, Inclusiveness, Identity politics, Heteronormativity, Queering empresarial, Inclusividad, Políticas de identidad, Heteronormatividad