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In Morocco, the issue of water resources arises with clarity. In the 1960s, the Moroccan state adopted a strategy for the development and protection of this valuable resource. However, difficulties in water management increased as a result of demographic pressure on water resources, leading to problems of water scarcity in many areas of the Kingdom, especially in low-rainfall areas. The main objective of this study was to obtain a better knowledge of the hydrodynamic functioning of the karst aquifers that are found southeast of the city of Chefchaouen (northern Morocco). In this region, the karst groundwater is important for drinking water supply and irrigation. From the hydrogeological point of view, the karstic springs that are the subject of this study have considerable flows, which can exceed the 100 L•s-1 during flood periods. Aquifer recharge occurs primarily by rainwater and to some extent by snowmelt in the mountain peaks (for example the peak of Jbel Lakraa at 2,159 m, and that of Jbel Tissouka at 2,122 m). The springs with the greatest flow occur at the lower altitudes, especially at the dorsal-flysch contacts.The hydrodynamic functioning of the Ras El Maa, Maggo and Chrafate springs showed a very inertial, poorly drained and poorly karstified system. The Maggo springs present a very high recession coefficient, which is likely due to the presence of karstic cavities in the Jbel Lakraâ massif. The total volume of the groundwater reserves, obtained from the recession curves of the four springs, is approximately 10 million m3. Nevertheless the dynamic volumes from the Ras El Maa spring alone constitute 5 million m3.

Keywords: karst, hydrogramme, courbes de récession, analyse spectrale et corrélatoire, Rif, karst, spring hydrograph, recession curves, correlation, spectral analyses, Rif

Rapid urbanization and corresponding wastewater discharges and the increasing use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture are a potential risk for groundwater pollution. Mapping the vulnerability of groundwater to pollution minimizes this risk by identifying the most sensitive areas to help a good qualitative management of the resource. Here, the vulnerability was assessed using the DRASTIC method, in comparison with PRK method (where P is the topographic slope, R the ratio of the piezometric level fluctuations to the thickness of the unsaturated zone, and K the aquifer permeability) for the Rich alluvial aquifer (Central High Atlas of Morocco). The vulnerability map obtained was tested and validated with the electrical conductivity of 44 wells using the Kappa test and the coincidence rate. The result obtained showed a low K (0.006) and a low coincidence rate of 24%, which validated partly the obtained vulnerability map. The vulnerability classes obtained showed that 21.7% of the study area had low to very low vulnerability, 56.6% moderate vulnerability, and 21.7% high to very high vulnerability. The complexity in producing this vulnerability map comes from the choice of the parameter to reflect the state of the pollution, and also in the density of the input data and how it is introduced, often by interpolation, assigning values in sectors where no data is known or exists. Finally, an update of this vulnerability map becomes necessary by choosing a different pollution indicator or by using a greater amount of data in the model in order to have a more reliable result to be used to raise awareness of the public services concerned by groundwater in the area.

Keywords: DRASTIC, vulnérabilité, cartographie, nappe de Rich, Maroc, mapping, multicriteria analysis, favorable zones, manual boreholes, GIS, Ivory Coast

AbstractThe objective of the present paper is to examine the role of sociolinguistics in explaining and reducing difficulties of French langue teaching/learning, especially in a rural setting. The first part of the paper describes the difficulties of teaching/learning French in a rural setting by referring to a survey that indicates that the acquisition of the French language in schools goes beyond mere linguistic abilities. It shows a wide gap between the performance of students in rural and urban settings. The second part of the paper shows how sociolinguistic variables could contribute to a better understanding of the situation and will definitely make French language training programs less discriminatory and more efficient.

Olive mill wastewaters represent a source of pollution for the environment, and hence there is a need for their treatment or their valorization. This study proposes the treatment of the olive mill wastewaters by electrocoagulation and their valorization, on the one hand, in the germination of the tomato seeds, and, on the other hand, in the humidification of compost. Raw olive mill wastewaters are acidic, with intense colour. They also have a high organic and mineral load. Electrocoagulation treatment increased their pH to neutrality and markedly reduced the intensity of their colour, which was reflected in a decrease in their polluting load of mineral and organic matter. The treated olive mill wastewaters acted very favourably on the germination of the tomato seeds, irrespective of the dilution rate. However, the application of raw olive mill wastewaters inhibited this activity. Using the olive mill wastewaters in the humification of compost contributed to the aerobic biodegradation of all substrates, as shown by monitoring physicochemical parameters over time until maturation after 12 weeks.

Keywords: Margines, traitement, électrocoagulation, valorisation, compostage, germination, Olive mill wastewaters, treatment, valorization, electrocoagulation, composting, germination

Research Framework : This study has been realized in the context of intensification in the use of studio photography by Moroccan families during the main stages of their children's growth, as well as during religious feasts. Objectives : The aim is to understand the social and ritual functions of child photography. Methodology : The data has been collected through two methods of investigation. The first part was conducted in two stages and realized with the help of sociology students. We first observed 50 studios in the Grand Casablanca and then did an observation of family albums. The second method was conducted by the author from 2010 to 2015 as a visual observation of the video photographic ritual in a public space of Mohammedia. Results : Child photography is a social construct of some parts of the child's image, which results from a community of thought and action between photographers and families. The album is a gendered practice and can be understood as a proof of the child's good treatment as well as a symbolic and transmittable asset. Child photography is a way of passing on the traditional dress and it reflects the impregnation of family photography by the Makhzen culture and the marriage symbolism. Conclusions : The video photographic ritual is a means in the construction of gendered identities and the inculcation of marriage ideology at an early age. Child photography reveals that marriage remains a highly valued institution and that children are prepared from a very early age to project themselves in their roles as husband and wife. The nuptial dress ritual in child photography is a way of transmitting the national identity and the royal symbols and values. Contribution : This study offers a research contribution in family photography by drawing attention on the heuristic interest of child photography as a key to understanding the social logics at work beneath the family visual practices.

Keywords: photographie enfantine, album de famille, identités sexuées, idéologie du mariage, Maroc, child photography, family album, gendered identities, marriage ideology, Morocco