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In Morocco, one of the Mediterranean countries, water resources are limited and unevenly distributed in space and time. Agadir, a city in southern Morocco, is part of the Souss region known for its agricultural activities and fishing. The region is also known for its semi-arid climate and a large water deficit. In order to preserve the quality of the water masses and reduce the water demand in the natural environment, alternative water supplies should be sought. The reuse of treated wastewater seems to be a good alternative, especially for irrigation. The wastewater potential from the M'zar treatment plant of Greater Agadir (Morocco) for irrigation, without any restriction (category A, WHO standards), is about 10,000 m3•d-1. This capacity could satisfy the needs for irrigation water for the entire Agadir area (Morocco). In the present study, the effects of the use of reclaimed wastewater and groundwater for irrigation of golf courses were compared. The leachate composition was monitored during the first 60 days of irrigation. We present the planning, the study protocol and the results that were obtained from the physicochemical analyses of the leachates. The results showed that despite the high fertilizing value of reclaimed wastewater, a slight increase in salinity was recorded, along with a transfer of soluble salts to groundwater.

Keywords: Réutilisation des eaux usées, irrigation, golf, salinité, analyse ionique, Wastewater reuse, irrigation, golf, salinity, ionic analysis

This article describes a participatory action-research aimed at endowing a tourist area of Souss with a very little developed competitive advantage in Morocco, a self-guided hiking plan carried out in a concerted form. It examines in two dimensions the wellsprings of its evolution, the conditions of this participatory action-research, and in particular those of the partnership that it implies between practitioners and researchers, and the mode of development of rural tourism in a Moroccan hinterland. Finally, it tries to interpret the reasons, cyclical as well as structural, for stopping this ambitious project that some local players are still trying to finalize.

Keywords: randonnée pédestre, Maroc, recherche-action participative, concertation, sociologie, hiking, Morocco, participatory action-research, consultation, sociology

Entrepreneurship and entrepreneur rise, in recent decades, unprecedented interest in the scientific community. Much research appeared in order to better understand, decrypting the entrepreneurial phenomenon, encourage or predict entrepreneurial phenomenon. The entrepreneur, the individual at the center of this process is not left out and is the subject of much studies witch goals are to describe its attributes, personality traits, skills or his propensity to start a business in the near future. The research we present here fits into this lineage and aims to identify the skills of the entrepreneur focusing on the Moroccan context. Taking as a basis for questioning a model of skills previously validated in a sample of entrepreneurs from three Francophone countries (Loué and Baronet, 2012), we interviewed 179 entrepreneurs in various regions of Morocco. A model of 42 skills, divided into seven axis (human resources management, soft skills, detecting business opportunities and start-up a business, commercial-marketing, financial management, strategic management and management leadership) has emerged from our statistical analysis. The results presented in this article could guide and structure the actions of training centers in entrepreneurship as well as entrepreneurship support structures for business creation in Morocco.

Keywords: Entrepreneuriat, Entrepreneur, Compétences entrepreneuriales, Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurial skills, Emprendimiento, Contratista, Habilidades empresariales

During the first part of the toxic cyanobacteria survey program carried out since 1994, Microcystis blooms which periodically occurred in Al Massira, Lalla Takerkoust and Oued Mellah reservoirs were studied. These reservoirs were located at a different hydrographic basin and have a various trophic status. The water was used for irrigation, recreational purpose and/or drinking water supply. The bloom-forming species was identified as Microcystis aeruginosa in Al Massira and Takerkoust freshwater reservoirs whereas in brackish water Oued Mellah reservoir, the bloom-forming species is Microcystis ichthyoblabe.In complement to this ecological studies and in order to assess the potential health risk, a toxicology and toxinology of these Microcystis blooms were undertaken. The hepatotoxicity of lyophilized bloom material collected during bloom periods in 1999 was confirmed by (i. p) mice bioassay. The toxicity assessment revealed that Microcystis Takerkoust bloom was highly toxic with LD50 < 100 mg/kg whereas those from Al Massira and Oued Mellah were respectively characterized by a medium and a low toxicities.The content of microcystins (MCYST) determined by the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) show that MCYST content ranged between 0.37 to 496 µg/g dry weight. It appears that Takerkoust bloom contain 600 to 1300 fold more MCYST than Oued Mellah and Al Massira blooms. The isolation and identification of microcystins variants from bloom extracts were performed using the high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA). This technique provided the separation and identification of at least two microcytins variants from each bloom material. The most number of 11 microcystins were detected from Microcystis ichthyoblabe bloom of Oued Mellah. However, only two and four variants of microcystins were respectively detected from Al Massira and Takerkoust blooms. Among these variants of microcystins solely Microcystin-LR was identified according to the Mcyst-LR authentic sample from extract of Al Massira and Takerkoust blooms.The occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria bloom in these drinking and/or recreational water reservoirs lead us to take into consideration the real health hazard which will be induced by these harmful cyanobacterial blooms.

Keywords: Cyanobactéries, bloom, Microcystis, microcystines, Maroc, Cyanobacteria, hepatotoxins, Microcystis, microcystins, toxic bloom, Morocco

This paper presents the results of an exploratory research which has been conducted in collaboration with 125 teachers of Physics in three different Moroccan regions, namely, Fez-Boulmane, Rabat-Sale and Tetouan-Tangier. This research aims at studying the integration of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in teaching Physics in Moroccan high schools. In addition, the paper assesses the recently launched government program “GENIE: The Generalization of ICTs in Education” through the opinions of the teachers who benefited from the program's training.The findings show that 94.4% of the teachers surveyed express a great interest in using ICTs in their classes. However, only 8% of the teachers surveyed use ICTs regularly in their classes. This paradox can be attributed to three main stumbling blocks. First, there is a lack of relevant equipment in schools. Second, there is a lack of software and applications relevant to the taught programs. Last but not least, there is the obstacle of the teachers' trainings and qualifications.

Keywords: TIC, enseignement, GENIE, sciences physiques, intégration des TIC, formation des enseignants, ICTs, education, GENIE, physics, integration of ICTs in education, teachers' training