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Cette étude a visé principalement à obtenir des informations sur le degré de satisfaction ou d'insatisfaction de ces futurs enseignants. Il nous semble qu'elle a permis également d'identifier certains problèmes inhérents à la formation et, par voie de conséquence, de fournir des informations susceptibles d'éclairer le choix et les décisions futurs des responsables et des planificateurs des programmes de formation d'enseignants, notamment quant au contenu du programme de psychopédagogie et à son application.

Victimes, trafiquants, clandestins, délinquants, « narcos », aventuriers, sans-papiers, illégaux, héros, irréguliers, passeurs, frontières, naufrages, enlèvements, morts, « eldorado », « American dream ». La liste est longue pour décrire le phénomène migratoire qui touche aujourd’hui le Maroc et le Mexique. Depuis quelques années, ces deux pays attirent l’attention des gouvernements, des journalistes et des chercheurs, car ils sont désormais désignés pays de transit et de destination pour les migrants irréguliers en provenance de la région subsaharienne pour le Maroc et de l’Amérique centrale pour le Mexique. Ils se sont transformés en pays stratégiques, en zones tampons au niveau géopolitique, notamment en ce qui concerne les questions de sécurité, de gouvernance des flux migratoires et de protection des frontières des pays du Nord. En réponse …

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This article compares the works and careers of Leo Africanus, Moroccan geographer born in Granada, and of the Morisco Ahmad al-Hajarî, focusing on their contributions to travel literature and to the development of Oriental studies in Europe.

Keywords: Jean Léon l'Africain (v. 1490- v. 1554), Ahmad al-Hajarî (1569 ou 70 – après 1640), Orientalisme, littérature de voyage, Morisques, écrivains marocains, Leo Africanus (ca. 1490-ca. 1554), Ahmad al-Hajarî (1569 or 70 – after 1640), Orientalism, travel literature, Moriscos, Moroccan writers, Juan León el Africano (ca. 1490-ca. 1554), Ahmad al-Hajarî (1569 o 70 – después de 1640), orientalismo, literatura de viajes, Moriscos, escritores marroquí

AbstractThis article presents a anthropological analysis on the Rif of Morocco. Maghrebian and Moroccan anthropologies have remained deeply marked by the main anthropological schools of thought in spite of the recent sociological changes. This article investigates the heritage of Hart and Jamous's works in the actual research on the maghrebian society. Our empirical study leans on the Ketama tribe, which main economical activity consists in the culture of kif and its derivatives. We offer an analysis of the society of Rif based on the perspective of Ibn Khaldoun in order to develop an alternative approach of the anthropology of Rif and Maghreb.

Keywords: Mouna, cannabis, changement, Rif, Maroc, Mouna, cannabis, change, Rif, Morocco

The Moroccan coastal marine area has several zones that are targets for exploitation but must simultaneously be protected. Lagoons are considered to be among the most productive natural systems in the world, but they are also vulnerable systems due to natural and human constraints. Lagoons can also be a target of economic expansion. This is why an understanding about the state of these ecosystems is important in order to proceed with rational use of the resource. The Khnifiss lagoon, situated on the South Atlantic coast of Morocco, is a potential site for aquaculture and tourism if planned with an ecological awareness. The large surface area and high biological production for the avifauna qualify it to be among the four protected sites by the RAMSAR convention for humid zone conservation (lagoons of Khnifiss and Moulay Bousselham, lakes of Sidi Boughaba and Afennourir). The objective of this work was to complete previous studies and to estimate the nutritive richness of the Khnifiss lagoon. To understand the spatio-temporal variability in the water currents, and the physico-chemical and biological and characteristics of this lagoon, two surveys were organized in September 1998 and February 2001.The Khnifiss lagoon (20 km long and 65 km2 surface area) is situated between Tantan and Tarfaya (28°02'54'' N, 12°13'66'' W). It opens up into the Atlantic ocean by a narrow inlet called ''Foum Agouitir'', about 100 m wide. The lagoon continues upstream beyond a salt marsh, called "Sebkha Tazra". Physical, chemical and biological variables were monitored: temperature and salinity; dissolved oxygen, nitrates and phosphates; chlorophyll a. The current (direction and intensity) and the sediment were also studied. Samples were collected four times from the surface and bottom waters during spring tide (ST), neap tide (NT), low tide (LT) and high tide (HT) during two seasons (September 1998 and February 2001). Seven hydrological stations were sampled, representing the lagoon system and one reference station in a neighbouring zone (Hréf), which represents the marine zone of the lagoon. Temperature and salinity were measured with a multi-sensor probe. The chemical analyses were carried out according to methods suggested by AMINOT & CHAUSSEPIED (1983). Thirty (30) sediment samples were also collected. Currents were measured at two fixed points by two current-meters.Based on the hydrological characteristics of the lagoon, especially temperature, salinity, water circulation and the nature of sediment, three zones were identified :1. Zone I (downstream from the lagoon) was dominated by the ocean's influence and included the Hréf, H1 and H2 stations. Maximum depths varied from 2.5 to 6.6 m, depending on the tide and location. The concentrations of the different hydrological parameters were controlled by the plug effect of the oceanic environment. The most important current in the lagoon was recorded in this zone in the spring tide (ST: 110 cm.s-1). The sediment was coarse and important water - sediment exchange was caused by the strong current recorded in this zone.2. Zone II (middle of the lagoon) was a transition zone with an intermediate oceanic influence. It was situated between the H3 and H5 stations. The size of the inlet and the important exchanges governed by currents caused by strong tides resulted in concentrations of the various parameters being similar to those in Zone I. Depths varied from 2.64 to 8.7 m. Waters were more saline during the LT and NT periods (36-41 practical salinity unit, or psu). The current decreased relative to that is zone I (56 cm.s-1 in September 1998 and 78 cm.s-1 in February 2001). In this zone the current moved preferentially towards the right strand at high tide and toward the left strand at low tide.3. Zone III (upstream in the lagoon) covered a different biotope compared to the first two zones. The waters were less deep (2.64 to 5.3 m) and included the stations H6, H7 and the upper part of the lagoon. This zone was characterized by a very low oceanic influence. Water temperature and salinity were higher, 24-26°C and 41-44 psu respectively, during the LT and NT periods.On the basis of the hydrological zonation, the conjunction of the climate descriptors (moderate wind, rare precipitation, absence of storms, moderate air temperature) of the lagoon and the strong hydrodynamic influence in the lagoon suggest that the Knifiss lagoon is a relatively unconfined ecosystem. The hydrodynamics of this lagoon permit a fast water renewal rate and insure a good environmental quality. In addition, studies carried out on the healthiness of this lagoon demonstrated not only a healthy environment, but also healthy shellfish. This diagnosis seemed to be related to the geographical location and important rates of water exchange. However, the absence of continental freshwater sources leads to an important increase in salinity and temperature at the level of the upstream zone (zone III). Zone III therefore cannot be considered for shellfish breeding.On the basis of the biological zones: With respect to the bathymetry of the lagoon (depths varied from 2.5 to 8.7 m), shellfish, in contrast to fish, require less water depth. Therefore, it is sufficient to search for a less turbulent zone, which offers sufficient planktonic food for the shellfish growth. In the Khnifiss lagoon, the taxonomy of the phytoplankton has not been yet studied. However, BENNOUNA (1999) demonstrated that the phytoplankton community was dominated by dinoflagellates and diatoms in the Oualidia and Sidi Moussa lagoons. RHARBI (2000) found that picophytoplankton were the principal breeding food source of oysters and clams in Oualidia lagoon. The source of shellfish for breeding is located in the neighbouring upwelling marine waters. Development projects planned for the lagoon must include an awareness programme for fishermen about the role that moderate and responsible shellfish breeding programs can play in the preservation and reconstitution of the marine resource as well as in the improvement of their incomes.

Keywords: Conchyliculture, courant de marée, lagune de khnifiss, site RAMSAR, sud du Maroc, remontée, Shellfish culture, tidal current, Khnifiss lagoon, RAMSAR site, south of Morocco, upwelling area