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AbstractIn the Mediterranean region, both past and future flood patterns require planners and decision makers to take flood risk into account. Actually, flood frequencies will rise due to climate change. In this context, it is crucial to identify areas potentially at risk in order to set better management practices.The methodology used in the article can provide a tool for assessing flood risk at the watershed scale. It is based on the idea that the risk of flooding is the result of the hazard factor (physical intensity-frequency of natural phenomenon) and the vulnerability factor (land use sensitivity to flood damages).Hazard assessment is a combination of the two notions of flood recurrence and submergence. On one hand, hydraulic modeling tracks the spatio-temporal evolution of the flood and on the other hand vulnerability assessment deals with land-use and explains why direct and indirect economic damages occur when water floods a particular area.The study took place in the Tahaddart watershed (northwestern Morocco). Flood hazard is really high and vulnerability moderate. But the urban areas' extension results in a growing vulnerability and explains how 8% of the watershed is prone to flooding of which half is assessed as high risk. A flood risk map has been produced to help local authorities and planners design mitigation measures and aim at the most pressing areas. They will thus be able to act more efficiently in case of a flood.

Keywords: Aléa, inondation, cartographie, modélisation hydraulique, risque, vulnérabilité, Maroc, gestion du risque, Hazard, flood, cartography, hydraulic modelling, risk, vulnerability, Morocco, risk management

Based on a fieldwork conducted between 2002 and 2006 in Agadir (Morocco), this article elaborates upon the following question : how can it be that a call for tradition accompanies social change? In the 2000, female entrepreneurship became socially visible being referred to both feminine and traditional values. Some said that it was an answer to a so-called « cultural crisis », illustrated with different resigning men figures, but it is not so simple. In fact, relations to labour and norms of female entrepreneurs depend on their positions on the social hierarchy. I show in this article, based on an intersectional approach of the female entrepreneurship, that the reference to tradition can be fuel for social change.

Keywords: intersectionnalité, rhétorique traditionaliste, changement social, entrepreneuriat féminin, Maroc

In microfinance, there are two approaches that occasionally merge. One approach has financial equilibrium, or even profitability, as the central concern of microfinance institutions, while the solidarity approach prioritises the social aim of fighting poverty. This article studies recent developments in Moroccan microfinance orchestrated by the sector’s big institutions and implemented by government and shows that they are taking an increasingly commercial direction. An analysis of these changes reveals the issues and thinking that motivate the actors in Moroccan microfinance.

This article takes a contemporary look at the practice of self-portraiture by three artists from Morocco: Hicham Benohoud, Mehdi-Georges Lahlou and Zakaria Ramhani. The career trajectories of these creators illustrate the various dynamics of institutional opposition and integration mechanisms that belong to the new geographies of art, in the era of globalization. The article's goal is to investigate the manner in which individual, local and global concerns are expressed in their understanding of an imaginary projection of corporality. The works are studied through the lens of local characteristics particular to the artist's Maghreb-Muslim culture. In the first section, the artists' careers, in relation to their training and the places where they have exhibited their work, are presented in tandem with the paradoxes of globalization. It is thus specified that if the artists were trained primarily in the West or made their careers there to achieve international success, it can be attributed to a lack of support from the Moroccan artistic scene, but also to the difficult access to the international art world for artists coming from the art scenes of the Maghreb. In the second part, we postulate that the artists' self-portraits attest to the different issues related to Maghreb-Muslim culture, such as the current socio-political situation in Morocco and the Islamic ban on representation. Lastly, we maintain that these self-portraits are a wider reflection of the varied concerns that transcend the borders of the Maghreb, as the artists reflect on the meeting of the Eastern and Western worlds.

The June 24, 2022, massacre perpetrated by Moroccan and Spanish forces at the Melilla border resulted in the deaths of at least 27 individuals and the disappearance of more than 70 others, as well as several hundred injuries and at least 100 people being imprisoned. To attempt to make sense of these events, which are part of a continuum of antimigratory violence that has continued with impunity for two decades, requires locating this border in its racial matrix and deciphering the gender relations at play. Based on extensive ethnographic work carried out between 2015 and 2017, and on a collective counter-survey carried out in 2023, this article dissects the violence through the prism of race and gender relations. This approach enables an understanding whereby the constant reproduction of warrior masculinities around the border in defence of, and in protest of it, has increased the intensity of violence against black migrants year after year, up to the present day. This perpetual confrontation of militarized masculinities at the border, engendered by European and Spanish migration policies and their outsourcing to Morocco, has reinforced a racist order that inevitably continues to sow death, without succeeding in stifling resistance.

Business incubators have grown significantly around the world since the 1980s. They have proven to be an effective way to provide entrepreneurs with the resources to develop their projects and become self-sufficient. However, the issue of entrepreneurial coaching and measuring the overall performance of incubators has become a concern for researchers and practitioners. In this study, we have proposed a tool for monitoring and assessing the overall performance of incubators based on a combinatorial approach to multidimensional models. We also analyzed the practices of the main incubators in Morocco to identify the most relevant dimensions and indicators for the specific Moroccan context.

Keywords: Accompagnement entrepreneurial, Incubateur, Performance, Maroc, Tableau de bord, Entrepreneurial support, Incubator, Performance, Morocco, Balanced scorecard

In order to evaluate the climate change impact on water resources, we carry out in this work, a spatio-temporal statistical analysis of some water balance variables. In order to understand past climate variations, a statistical analysis must be made for representative time series both temporally and spatially. These data sets, however, often have irregularities and gaps in the measurements which hinder their direct use. For this reason, the statistical analysis used in this study was based on three steps: i) filling gaps of missing data using two imputation methods, namely multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE) and the k-nearest neighbour method (k-NN); ii) the detection within time series of significant changes that occurred in the past. Dates of these changes are characterized by breaks at the level of the mean of the studied climate variables. These breaks were confirmed by three statistical tests (Pettitt, Buishand, and Normal Homogeneity SNH); iii) the investigation of potential climate data trends by using statistical tests (Sen and Mann-Kendall) as well as with a projection technique for the future. As an application, we processed climate data from five weather stations in the Gharb perimeter, located in northern Morocco, for the periods 1974-2016 and 2021-2050. The results obtained showed that MICE imputation is the most efficient for all stations. For trends, while the series of temperatures, potential evapotranspiration, and water deficit showed significant upward trends over all time steps, the trends were non-significant for the precipitation series. The projections for 2021-2050 showed that we could witness a slight shift in the wettest season of the year and that the effect of warming would be greater from west to east in the Gharb perimeter due to the effect of continentality.

Keywords: séries chronologiques, comblement de lacunes, homogénéisation, analyse des tendances, bilan hydrique, changements climatiques, ressources en eau, Gharb, time series, gaps-filling, homogenization, trends analysis, water balance, climate change, Gharb