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Keywords: collections, collectionner

At the turn of the 20th century, French mélodies portray the Middle East as a faraway and marvellous wonderland. Through a brilliant setting of musical figures, they generate an imaginary journey evocating a luxuriant world of either sensory stimulations (Les Roses d'Ispahan by Leconte de Lisle/Fauré) or erotic symbolism (Trois Chansons de Bilitis by Louÿs/Debussy). During the second decade of the century, though, its suggestive strength went weak; it became rather a trigger for vanguard experimentations. Nourished by musicological discoveries and the development of public passenger transport systems, musicians are becoming increasingly sensitive towards the act of composing in extra-European cultures and its relation with sound. By choosing musical timbre as cornerstone for the composition form, they create new musical landscapes. Thus, Delage's Quatre Poèmes Hindous and Ravel's Chansons Madécasses take the Middle East as the utter root of a rediscovered humanity, pledge of a true artistic authenticity.

Keywords: avant-garde, mélodie française, musique française, orientalisme, peinture et musique, avant-garde, French mélodie, French music, orientalism, painting and music

Keywords: tourisme international, nord-sud, évasion, critique

Gérard Chaliand, geopolitical strategist, explains the reasons that led, on one hand, to western failures in irregular wars and, on the other hand, to the current collapse of the Islamic State. He also criticizes the inconsistencies of American and French foreign policy, as well as the relationship of the West with violence. This interview, conducted on April 26, 2017, is an opportunity to retrace Gérard Chaliand's atypical path. Born in 1934, the French geopolitical strategist has travelled the globe and its major conflicts by being an observer-participant: from Guinea-Bissau to North Vietnam, he has also spent a lot of time in the Middle East, traveling regularly in Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria. Beyond the figure of the geopolitologist "adventurer", he is also a poet, who finds refuge in writing in order to deal with the atrocity of conflict. For Gérard Chaliand, violence is not a concept, but above all a field experience, necessarily hard.

Keywords: politique, Occident, Moyen-Orient, Europe, guerre, géopolitique, poésie, politics, West, Middle-East, Europe, war, geopolitics, poetry

In the face of adversity—misery, totalitarianism and violence—, Germaine Tillion showed that individual experience can become knowledge and that shared knowledge can mutate into group action. The entire trajectory of her life was embodied in an ethos reflecting these principles and converting into action a kind of solidarity that combined observation, dialogue and the ability to reflect. These principles were exemplified in Tillion's life both before and after her deportation to Ravensbrück in a form of “double learning” in which study and experience were intimately connected—and not differentiated qualitatively—in terms of their common contribution to knowledge. The entire collective work of Le Verfügbar aux Enfers (“The Campworker goes to Hell”) is permeated with these principles in a performative manner.

Keywords: care, engagement, ironie, solidarité, Germaine Tillion, Care, engagement, irony, solidarity, Germaine Tillion

Research Framework : Many authors prefer to focus on the acrimonious relationship that exists between children and the city. This narrative is given as a story of eviction, particularly in the latter half of the 20th century, and the ubiquitous arrival of motorized traffic ; a phenomenon that has only accelerated over time. It is a radical separation between a before, which represents a golden age for children where the city revolved around them, and an after were children are represented as being shut in at home, forbidden from playing in the street and connected to the world via their smartphones and tablets. Despite this alarmist discourse, it is important to remember that children and adolescents continue to explore and socialize within their cities regardless of whether they are not (or are no longer) in the majority. Objectives : This introductory article to “Exploring the City : Children and Adolescents' Relationship with Public Spaces” is designed to present the state of research as well as paths of reflection and innovative actions on how children and adolescents experience the city, the way they act and how they are influenced by contemporary spaces. Methodology : The introductory article is based on a review of work done in the fields of anthropology, history, geography, architecture and urban studies, all of which discuss the relationship between urban spaces and children and adolescents. This analysis is juxtaposed by ongoing projects that ask the opinions of youths to establish a consensus-building approach to urbanism and urban redevelopment in cities, metropolises and megacities. Results : By including all age groups (children and adolescents) as well as the types of spaces that are generally kept separate, the articles presented herein ask us to consider several important aspects including : the presence of youths in urban spaces, the standardization, regulation and gamification of certain public spaces ; the appeal of closed spaces (interiors, shopping centres) and their appropriation ; the practise of physical activities ; autonomous mobility ; the interest in digital media and familial injunctions to assess the influence of parents and siblings on the relationships that young people have with the city.Conclusions : This article focuses on the necessity of taking an intersectional approach that considers a broad range of variables including gender, age and socio-geographical origin, race in particular, to analyze the relationships between children and adolescents and public spaces. Here we reveal the importance of the passage between interior spaces (homes, schools, youth homes, recreational centres, etc.) and exterior spaces, whether the exploration of streets, parks, gardens and shopping malls remains possible as well studying the relations and tension that exist between families and children, between youths and the managers of these spaces, between youths with and without adult supervision and between youths and adult users of public spaces as both actors and witnesses.Contribution: This article takes a look at the societal and anthropological issues that affect the relationship between public spaces and children and teens in over a dozen cities located in Europe, North America, Northern Africa and the Middle East. It identifies paths of exploration and paths of implementation on this topic.

Keywords: adolescent, aires de jeux, appropriation, autonomie, enfant, espace public, ludification, rue, trajectoires urbaines, ville, adolescent, playgrounds, appropriation, autonomy, public space, gamification, street, urban trajectories, city

Research framework: Cycling practices are underpinned by considerable environmental, health and economic challenges. Despite this, teenage girls seem to be cycling far less.Objectives: This article studies the extent to which this is the result of a gendered inequality when it comes to the opportunity to move freely within public spaces.Methodology: We conducted a dispositionalist analysis based on observation campaigns (direct experimentation and observation) and formal semi-directive interviews conducted with 43 boys and 39 girls aged 17 to 18, as well as 26 of their parents, in the varied environments of Montpellier and Strasbourg.Results: The results indicate that adolescence tends to be a period of incorporation and reinforcement of gendered dispositions toward free movement within public spaces and that this period is particularly restrictive for girls. The social injunctions of this group appears to contribute to a strengthening of their fear of travelling alone, a fear of venturing from home and a fear of public spaces which considerably limits the possibilities of engaging in forms of solitary, adventurous, improvised and “occupying” bicycle practices. This observation appears to be exactly the opposite however when it comes to boys.Conclusions: By explaining many observable variations within each gender category and including socio-economic and residential backgrounds as well as context, we illustrate that cycling deserves to be analyzed as a distinct practice that is gendered, social and spatial.Contribution: By taking a dispositionalist sociological approach, we reveal the (re)production of gender roles and the (re)production of inequalities of potential mobility to illustrate that cycling is a fully social fact.

Keywords: adolescence, vélo, mobilité, activité physique, socialisation, genre, pratique éducative, adolescence, bicycle, mobility, physical activities, socialization, gender, educational practices

This article analyzes results from a survey about cooking and eating among first generation allophone immigrants in the Montréal region. First we examine their attachment to the premigratory culinary style and the reasons that might explain this, taking into consideration the social and anthropological dimensions of taste and food markers. We find significant transformations in most culinary and eating practices. We identify process of changes in food preferences as well as how recipes and culinary techniques are adapted. The effects of transcultural dynamics and the influence of children in the enlargement of the familial culinary repertoire are described. Finally, we analyze the effects of transformations in the consumption of many food products. The consumption differences for each of these food products are particularly interesting.

Keywords: Immigration, pratiques alimentaires, dynamiques transculturelles, gastronomie, espace social alimentaire, Immigration, foodways, transcultural dynamics, gastronomy, social space of food

With a view to defining what a minority is, the author lays down an inventory of variables likely to aid in answering the above question. Hence we find the minority's « will to survive » and the « number of its members ». In his research, the author leads us to consider various legal, para-legal and doctrinal opinions from which we may extract several constants that permeate the whole. Thus it is that down through the decisions of the Permanent Court of International Justice, the European Court for Human Rights, Canadian courts, etc., there are various elements defining what a minority is.