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Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’évaluation des compétences en lecture et écriture dans une visée certificative en contexte d’approche par compétences. En effet, depuis plus d’une quinzaine d’années, les systèmes éducatifs de nombreux pays d’Europe (France, Belgique, Suisse, etc.), d’Amérique (Canada, États-Unis, etc.) et d’Afrique (Sénégal, Tunisie, Maroc, etc.) ont adopté des curricula définis en termes de compétences à développer dans le processus d’enseignement-apprentissage. Dans ce contexte, la question de l’évaluation soulève davantage d’interrogations aussi bien dans les milieux professionnels que scientifiques. Ces interrogations sont d’autant plus légitimes que l’évaluation relève d’une pratique sociale qui soulève des enjeux socio-éthiques d’importance. Qui plus est, comme le soutient Legendre (2007), l’évaluation est considérée comme le « nœud » des réformes, en ce sens qu’elle peut en compromettre les …

LGBTQ+ people are particularly at risk for intimate partner violence (IPV). Understanding the risk factors specific to these communities requires however further research. This study examines these risk factors, from an ecological and qualitative perspective, based on the experiences of 64 LGBTQ+ victims of IPV. The analysis reveals various individual risk factors, including previous stigmatization and victimization, or proximal ones, such as relationships within LGBTQ+ networks. Heterocisnormativity, at a distal level, appears to be a key factor, particularly in the conception of IPV. These factors influence people's ability to recognize violence, as well as modulating their reactions to it. This study contributes to the diversity of factors to be considered for the prevention and screening of IPV in LGBTQ+ populations.

Keywords: violence conjugale, LGBTQ, facteurs de risque, modèle écologique, hétérocisnormativité, intimate partner violence, LGBTQ, risk factors, ecological model, heterocissexim

Our study aims to take a phenomenological approach to examining the interaction between entrepreneurial passion and the internationalization of Sub-Sahara African SMEs. This will entail the exploration of four concrete cases studies of SMEs from Ivory-Coast, Mali, and Senegal. Given the context of study selected, we also considered the potential impact of the institutional gaps that characterize the markets involved in this relationship. Two important results can be highlighted. First, entrepreneurs who are passionate about developing their country and continent and who are motivated by a social mission are more likely to engage their SME in a dynamic internationalization effort. Secondly, it would appear that the institutional gaps do not prevent the internationalization of SMEs in those instances where directors are passionate about their business developing in that direction.

Keywords: SME, entrepreneurial passion, internationalization, Sub-Saharan Africa, PME, passion entrepreneuriale, internationalisation, Afrique Sub-saharienne, PYME, pasión empresarial, internacionalización, África Subsahariana

Assessment rubrics seem to be a relevant solution when teachers and researchers have difficulties in assessing oral language effectively. However, the interpretation of the rubrics depends on the evaluator's frame of reference. In this study, a comparison was made between a group of five teachers and a group of four researchers in the conception of two rubrics to assess pupils' oral communication skills at the end of elementary school. The results of our qualitative analysis show that the difficulties, the ways of using the rubrics, the types of justifications and the solutions experimented by the two groups of professionals somewhat vary. Teachers opted for more grounded solutions, strongly linked to their experience and their classroom context. As for researchers, they had to make sure that the constructed rubric allows a precise measure of oral communication skills and had to question the structural organization of the rubric.

Keywords: évaluation de l'oral, grille critériée, processus de coconception, recherche collaborative, oral evaluation, evaluation rubric, co-conception process, collaborative research, avaliação oral, rubrica, processo de coconceção, investigação colaborativa

This paper deals with the study of treatises on ampelography written in Spanish and French between 1490 and 1807, their dissemination and translation, as well as the names of the vine varieties they include. The corpus of treatises was compiled by following the documentary research method, with on-site and telematic consultations. The study was conducted with quantitative and qualitative methods. 18 treatises were collected -11 in French and 7 in Spanish– and more than half of them were published in the 18th century. Only two of them have been translated. 506 different names of vine varieties were counted: 283 in Spanish and 223 in French. The veduños, linajes or suertes in Spanish and the complants, espèces, sortes, variétés and cépages in French began to standardise their names from the 18th century onwards. The corpus studied constitutes a veritable Tower of Babel as it demonstrates great diatopic and diachronic variety, as well as a remarkable abundance of synonyms.

Keywords: ampélographie, traités, diffusion, traduction, noms des cépages, ampelography, treatises, dissemination, translation, vine variety names, ampelografía, tratados, difusión, traducción, nombres de variedades de vid

The goal of this paper is to discuss the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the decentralized digital currencies in Africa, a region that serves as an incubator for innovations in the decentralized finance sector, but remains somewhat excluded from the field of academic research on these same issues. In addition to providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of the cryptocurrency market (particularly with regard to the categories and underlying technologies), this article relies on a SWOT analysis that draws some lessons and long-term perspectives while respecting the diversity of local and international concerns. It emerges that the popularity of the BASI-coins is built on a triple illusion: that of disintermediation, that of security and that of independence: miners remain essential, and oligopolies are being reconstituted in the cryptosphere which, from this point of view, does not differ from the traditional finance. In addition, even if the macro-financial framework of African countries seems de facto to lend itself to their adoption, it should be noted that their implementation requires addressing several challenges: both in terms of infrastructure (electricity/Internet access) and technology as well as institutional. Moreover, BASI-coins could compete with (future) sovereign digital currencies (Govcoins), and their widespread adoption could destabilize the financial systems due to pressure on foreign exchange reserves.

Keywords: BASI-coins, Cryptomonnaies, SWOT, Afrique, BASI-coins, Cryptocurrencies, SWOT, Africa

In light of public policy documents, sub-Saharan Africa, in general, and Senegal, in particular, seem to have resolutely committed to promoting the principles of the Circular Economy (CE). This contribution aims to document the current state of implementation and appropriation of practices and concepts in Senegal both by public authorities and by communities . The systemic analysis of the literature reveals an absence of a CE roadmap. However, significant reforms have been made to the regulations, particularly for the rational management of plastic waste and the extraction and exploitation of mineral resources. Other initiatives have also emerged with program variations focused on managing household waste and recovering organic waste, including electrical and electronic equipment. Awareness-raising efforts against wasting water and electricity have also received positive community responses. Under the impetus of government agencies and/or non-governmental organizations (NGOs), initiatives included in projects and programs through individual companies or even economic interest groups campaign for circular practices. In the agro-industry sector, the extension of hydro-agricultural developments has facilitated the emergence of business synergies among farmers, pastoralists, and agro-industries. Although public policies remain timid about appropriating the CE concept, several endogenous initiatives and practices at the community level are already similar.

Keywords: économie circulaire, réglementation, recyclage, réutilisation, valorisation, Sénégal, circular economy, regulation, recycling, reuse, recovery, Senegal

Agropastoralism is undergoing profound changes. Land and human pressure on the environment, increasing conflicts between farmers and herders, and terrorist threats have led to numerous agropastoral policy reforms in favour of sedentarization in Benin. Do these agropastoral policies preserve peace in the management of agropastoral resources in Benin? To answer this question, fifteen policy documents (laws, decrees, and orders) were examined. Qualitative data was collected from ten sets of stakeholders involved in agropastoral regulation and conflict management to support the analysis of the documents. The results indicate that regulatory and institutional mechanisms have been adopted in Benin to anticipate the causes, manage, and monitor the regression of the negative effects induced by the degradation of agro-pastoral resources. Strategies have also included measures to transform conflicts through arbitration, amicable management between the parties and mediation by third parties. Significant efforts are being made to formalise laws and regulations to reduce agro-pastoral conflicts, but these are not yet sufficient to guarantee peace. Whilst these policies are in line with environmental peace-building, conflicts of vision and interest create a context that weakens social cohesion. The emergence of new types of para-agropastoral conflicts associated with agrarian issues are now the new elements to be taken into account in analyses of peaceful management of shared natural resources based on policies in Benin.

Keywords: politique agropastorales, sédentarisation, conflit para-agropastoraux, paix, cohésion sociale, agropastoral policy, sedentarization, agropastoral conflict, peace, social cohesion

Based on a critical literature review, this article examines the main environmental impacts of tourism in the post-2020 era, distinguishing between amplified, reduced, and emerging impacts. These impacts are illustrated with examples drawn from diverse geographic contexts. In response to these impacts, the analysis highlights, among other things, the growing prominence of four ecological concepts: regeneration, resilience, circular economy, and ecological transition, as applied to the tourism sector. While these concepts are not entirely new, they have gained visibility and relevance within the tourism field, contributing to a renewed discourse on sustainability. However, we show that their use and the transformations they imply remain vague for tourism stakeholders, underscoring the importance of further research aimed at clarifying how they can be meaningfully translated into tourism practice—both theoretically and through evidence-based approaches.

Keywords: tourisme, environnement, COVID-19, post-COVID-19, revue de littérature, tourism, environment, COVID-19, post-COVID-19, literature review