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In Cameroon, as in Senegal, the boards of directors of national public institutions as well as the members who make them up reflect the measured autonomy of these functionally decentralized entities. However, these deliberative boards are subject to a profoundly tutelary presence on the part of the State, which taints their accountability. From the point of view of administrative law, this accountability takes the form of both a charge recognized as incumbent on board members and the fact that the latter are accountable for their actions in the event of misconduct. The result is a narrow sense of accountability, circumscribed as it is by the State's acute tutelage over both these members' decision-making and the sanctions they may receive. In this respect, if the decision-making responsibility of members is sought, while their individual responsibility is modulated, the present reflection makes the case in the background for considerably restricting the State's tutelage over these public bodies.

Soil degradation by water erosion is a natural phenomenon that can be amplified by anthropogenic actions. The consequences of this phenomenon are harmful and can harm the intrinsic characteristics of the soil, and lead to its disappearance in certain cases. For mapping the erosion hazard upstream of Nahr el Kalb watershed, we have adopted a hierarchical approach, called MESALES, that combines the weighted parameters of erosion (land use, slope, soil erodibility and climate) using GIS. The soil erodibility was calculated from the equation of Wischmeier et Smith (1960; 1978) to take account of the specific environmental features. The results of this work show the predominant role of plant cover. 67% of the study area is undergoing strong and very strong erosion, mainly in sectors of either degraded plant cover or no plant cover. The overall accuracy of the model and the Kappa index resulting from it are estimated at 84% and 80% respectively.

Keywords: environnement, recherche, ressources naturelles, territoire, risque, environment, research, natural resources, territory, risk

This articles analyses the process of economic restructuring and its impact on women's employment and social position in East Central Europe and the Middle East-North Africa. It shows that this process is not only a stage in the evolution to a capitalist world order, but also a fundamentally patriarchal form of social transformation. This is why it is having similar adverse effects on women's livelihood in the two regions.

This article aims to analyze discrete forms of engagement between religious and educative domains. By studying the daily practices within female sociability networks located in working-class neighbourhoods, we show that women who have experienced migration can use the mutual aid bonds linked to subsistence work to engage language-learning educational activities. The analysis is based on a qualitative study conducted in the Orléans metropolis, on participant observations in a community association, and interviews with women taking part in the association's activities. With an anthropological approach to citizenship, this study allows to observe the daily expression of various forms of commitment, in particular through the organization of Arabic language courses, which expresses how those women reclaim respectability and discreetly resist stigmatization.

Keywords: citoyenneté, politique, sociabilités féminines, travail du care, religion, quartier populaire, citizenship, political, female sociability networks, care work, religion, neighbourhood

The insufficient knowledge on the regeneration of wild fruit trees is a major constraint to the domestication of these in the Sahelian countries subjected to a long dry season. Stem cuttings, root cuttings and air layering trials were carried out on Balanites aegyptiaca, Sclerocarya birrea and Diospyros mespiliformis specie. The results show, after 4 months of trials, that the root cutting test of S. birrea gives rooting rates of 12 % for cuttings planted vertically and 8 % rooting rates for cuttings planted horizontally in soil substrate. However, differences observed between treatments are not significant (P <0.05). Air layering test was given a positive result for all three species, mainly for B. aegyptiaca with 65 % and 72 % success rate respectively for plant marcotted at the medial and basal level of the stem. The differences observed between treatments are significant (P <0.05). The success rates on S. birrea are 48 % and 45 % respectively for plant marcotted at the medial and basal level of the stem. However, no significant differences were observed between the two treatment (P <0.05). D. mespiliformis recorded success rates of 28 % for plant marcotted at the basal level and 12 % success rate for the plant marcotted at the medial level of stem. The differences in rooting between treatments are highly significant (P <0.001) for this species. The rooted layers planted at the research station present a survival rate of 52.5 % for B. aegyptiaca and 92 % for S. birrea after 2 years monitoring.

Keywords: multiplication végétative, espèces agroforestières, marcottage, bouturage, vegetative propagation, agroforestry species, marcotting, cutting

This contribution explores the process of intentional rewriting at work in Poisson d'or by J.M.G. Le Clézio, based on the narrative architecture of Désert, published seventeen years earlier. Through a structural analysis comparing the trajectories of the heroines Lalla and Laïla, we demonstrate how Le Clézio reused and modified the narrative elements of one of his own novels to adapt the same plot to the constraints of a more uprooted, more contemporary character who is nonetheless equally in search of identity. Three narrative elements common to both works are examined: the search for identity markers, the conflict between social assignment and freedom, and the Western experience as a path to exile or revelation. Using a methodological combination of Propp's approach and Bremond's theory of narrative possibilities, the study highlights that this phenomenon of rewriting, far from being a simple self-plagiarism of plot, constitutes a genuine aesthetic and poetic gesture, revealing the consistency of Le Clézio's themes and their ability to regenerate themselves according to figures and contexts.

Keywords: rewriting, récriture, analyse structurale, structural analysis, Propp, Propp, Le Clézio, Le Clézio, Bremond, Bremond

AbstractThis article deals with the subjective/figurative use of toponyms and anthroponyms in English, French and German. The author describes the phenomenon and provides trilingual lexicons with explanations and equivalents.