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Keywords: Karoline Georges, De synthèse, Sous béton, La mue de l'hermaphrodite, Patrick Bergeron, Festival Frye, Sophie Gagnon-Bergeron, Gérald Gaudet, Nicole Brossard, Henriette Valet, Écrivaines méconnues, Madame 60 bis, L'Arbre vengeur, Michel Pleau, Le livre jamais lu, Andrée Lacelle, Littérature franco-ontarienne, Littérature franco-canadienne, Littérature québécoise, Renaud Longchamp, Cégep Garneau, Cégep François-Xavier Garneau, An Antane Kapesh, Anne André, Je suis une maudite Sauvagesse, Eukuan nin matshi-manitu innushkueu, Marie-Andrée Gill, Littérature innue, Autrice innues, Poète ilnue, Féminisme, Catherine Voyer-Léger, Roxane Gay, Erin Wunker, Louky Bersianik, Bernard Werber, Notre-Dame de Paris, Victor Hugo, Ken Follet, Olivier Truc, Paroles vivantes, Littérature hors le livre, Arts littéraires, Simon Dumas, Productions Rhizome, Michelle Corbeil, Annie Landreville, Québec en toutes lettres, Dominique Lemieux, Maison de la littérature, Jean-Paul Beaumier, Anne-Marie Guérineau, Que fais-tu là?

AbstractThe empirical study of the construction of an autonomous structure of governance by the Armenian minority in Azerbaijan enables to bypass several conventional arguments. Beyond a “frozen” diplomatic conflict, the state-building dynamic of the Nagorno-Karabakh transforms internal equilibriums, which contributes to modify the conditions of conflict resolution. The continuity of the diplomatic status quo leads to widen the gap between the political agreements negotiated by the protagonists and the actual capacity to implement them on the ground, which opens a favourable structure of opportunity to the emergence of a de facto state. The aim of the autonomous political entity is not to negotiate the division of state powers within the Azerbaijani state, but to exit this state. Conflict resolution does not only depend on external factors, which are combined with internal issues and reinforce the prevalence of the status quo. Thus, the conflict is not “frozen,” the situation on the ground being quite different today from that of the 1994 ceasefire. The force of inertia is first and foremost a political strategy aimed at favouring in practice a policy of the accomplished fact though diplomatically unacceptable, and imposing de jure a sovereignty de facto imperfect.

Embargoes and boycotts have for many years now constituted means of retorsion for one nation against another. Since 1945, such measures have acquired renewed favour due to the globalization of trade and conflictual relations of various groups of countries. In addition, some countries have not hesitated to give their legislation extraterritorial effects so as to make their economic sanctions even more efficient, thus transforming third-party countries into instruments of their foreign policy. Canada, as with most countries having an open economy, is not immune to such effects. To illustrate his point, the author examines two outstanding cases which culminated in the early 1980's : the extraterritoriality of U.S. legislation concerning exports and Arab boycotts against Israel. After providing background material on the use of these economic arms, the author analyses legislative and judiciary reactions of Canada and main European powers. Various governments — so as to resolve conflicts of laws caused by such situations in areas of both public and private international law, the effects of which victimize their own citizens — have come to the realization that despite efforts made by national legislatures and courts, the solution largely remains one of diplomacy.

Recognizing the specific nature of agricultural trade has been at the heart of debates in the multilateral Doha negotiations on agriculture within the World Trade Organization (WTO) Theoretically, the interest of this issue especially resides in the fact that it is caught up in the whirlwind of changes affecting WTO. Indeed, for some time now, the limits and theories that underpin WTO existence have been put to the test. Among the various questions emerging from this situation, many wonder about WTO's range of action and the impacts of trade liberalization on important issues such as food safety, plus traditional agricultural and nutritional practices. Differences of opinions between Member States regarding the way in which food products are dealt with under the Agreement on Agriculture are symptomatic of this soul-searching. The continued process of liberalizing agricultural trade depends on the possibility that WTO Member States have in taking into consideration the specificity of agriculture within the overall context of their national policies. Current negotiations are therefore of prime importance for overseeing this recognition and its ensuing progress. Nonetheless, the recognition of agriculture's multifunctional nature, proposed by many Members, appears to us to be a path far too large, which opens a door to means for working around already existing commitments. In addition, the approach set forth by the United States and the Cairns Group, by which agricultural products must undergo a liberalization modeled on that of industrial products, is far too reductionist and excludes an efficient taking in to consideration of the specificity of agricultural trade. The appropriate and realistic pathway for reaching this objective is to use the gains issuing from the Agreement on Agriculture as a basis and develop them in such a way as to ensure the efficient taking into account of considerations other than commercial ones linked to food safety.

Over the past 40 years, the essay has been defined as a bona fide literary genre owing to its combination of words and the exceptional thought they bring to life. In this article, however, the concept of essay is addressed anew as the relationship between patterns of thought and writing and the interpretive approach that brings them to the fore and the reader's attention while relying on a specific conception of thought, reading and the written word harking back to German Romantics. This three-part article looks at the main facets of such literary intelligibility within the realm of Quebec essayists, including such luminaries as Pierre Vadeboncoeur, André Belleau and Fernand Ouellette.