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In a context of the fight against the spread of the coronavirus, and following the recommendations to limit travel and the suspension of teaching throughout the Senegalese education system, the École Supérieure d'Économie Appliquée (ESEA) of Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar (Senegal) has experimented and gradually used distance learning as an alternative to ensure the continuity of its educational activities. During this experience, we encountered multiple problems of a technical and social nature. Written exchanges with a few students helped us to better understand the situation and to draw lessons for the sustainability of the experience.

Keywords: COVID-19, formation à distance, première expérience, ressources insuffisantes, pays en développement, COVID-19, online training, first experience, inadequate resources, developing countries

This article examines the expansion of the mandate of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) since its creation in 2005. It analyzes the impact of the Agency's growing powers on the human rights of migrants. As shown by the 2020 New Pact on Migration and Asylum, the Agency enjoys strong political support for its integrated management of the external borders of the EU Member States. In particular, Frontex can carry out joint maritime, land and air operations and forced removals, in addition to deploying agents in third countries. In 2021, a permanent contingent of the European Border and Coast Guard with enforcement powers will be established. We argue that this unprecedented reinforcement of Frontex's powers reflects the preference of the EU and its Member States to respond to migratory pressure primarily by securitizing their borders in order to deter unwanted migrants. This approach is not only counterproductive but also leads to serious violations of the rights of migrants, including asylum seekers. Despite some changes in the Agency's mandate to improve the rights' protection framework the lack of clear rules for the determination of Frontex's responsibility in joint operations and the absence of an effective remedy for rights violations remain particularly problematic.

More and more immigrant teachers have found their place in Canadian elementary and secondary schools, notably in francophone Ontario. Some face difficulties to integrate the profession, while those who have been offered a long-term teaching contract deploy considerable efforts to transform this opportunity into a permanent position. Drawing from the results of two qualitative studies conducted with immigrant students enrolled in a teacher training program and immigrant teachers during their professional integration, this article will present the racialized representations of the victim, the foreigner, and the incompetent to which they are subjected. Explanations of and solutions to this phenomenon will also be discussed.

Keywords: immigrant teachers, racialized representations, interculturality, professional integration, enseignants issus de l’immigration, représentations racialisées, interculturalité, insertion professionnelle

This paper presents the context and situation of the life insurance market in francophone sub-Saharan African countries.In general, the life insurance in the region revolves around three devices : the family and the community, private insurance institutions (CIMA market) and public institutions of the state (CIPRÉS market). The origin and the inventory of each of these three devices are shown in the first part.Then, in a second step, the study focuses on the device on the private insurance CIMA market. Thus, the second part presents the socioeconomic context of CIMA market and the third section presents the technical and commercial difficulties in the CIMA market. Both parties allow such problems to enter the CIMA market in context, and identify actions to remedy.

Keywords: Afrique subsaharienne francophone, CIMA, CIPRÉS, assurance vie informelle, protection sociale, assurance vie classique, Francophone sub-Saharan African, CIMA, CIPRÉS, informal life insurance, social security, classic life insurance

In this article we will argue that although humans always migrated and mated, transgressions of socio-cultural group boundaries not necessarily engendered new categories of classification for mixed offspring. We will show, instead, that the presence or absence of mixed categories depends on the socio-political circumstances, ontologies, systems of kinship and reproduction that distinguish human groups that enter into contact, beginning with the example of how and why the Hispanic-American category of mestizo was introduced. The empirical background of this thesis is the comparative historical and/or ethnographic study of Colonial Hispano-American Society, of the Argentine Republic, of three Latin-American indigenous societies (Kuna, Tsachila and Candoshi), Catalan nationalism vis-à-vis Spanish immigrants, the Chamorro on the Mariana Islands, the inhabitants of Southern Moroccan Oasis, and the cast society in the north of India. The aim is to uncover the conditions under which « mixed » social categories are either politically inappropriate or logically unconceivable. The article will thus, furthermore, show that a category of « mixed » people is neither natural nor that its naturalization is, therefore, universal.

Keywords: Groupe de Recherche AHCISP : Ventura i Oller, Surrallés, Ojeda Mata, Mateo Dieste, Martínez Mauri, Kradolfer, Domínguez, Coello, Clua i Fainé, Van den Bogaert, Stolcke, métissage, catégorie sociale, système de classification sociale et politique, sociétés coloniales, ontologie, AHCISP Research Group : Ventura i Oller, Surrallés, Ojeda Mata, Mateo Dieste, Martínez Mauri, Kradolfer, Domínguez, Coello, Clua i Fainé, Van den Bogaert, Stolcke, Miscegenation, Social Category, System of Social and Political Classification, Colonial Societies, Ontology, Grupo de investigación AHCISP : Ventura i Oller, Surrallés, Ojeda Mata, Mateo Dieste, Martínez Mauri, Kradolfer, Domínguez, Coello, Clua i Fainé, Van den Bogaert, Stolcke, mestizaje, categoría social, sistema de clasificación social y política, sociedades coloniales, ontología

Due to strong population growth and changing consumption patterns, we are faced with a rapid increase in the volumes of waste that create risks for water quality in the Sidi Bel Abbes plain. The study carried out concerns the assessment of the risks of pollution as well as the mapping of the vulnerability of the alluvial groundwater to pollution. A first step of the study was the use of ALSAT-2A high resolution (2.5 m) Algerian sensor spatial data for the identification and mapping of pollution sources from urban and industrial waters. These data offer the possibility to increase the speed and accuracy of this mapping. A second step involved the protection of water resources from sources of pollution. This preservation is especially necessary in semi-arid areas where groundwater is the major water source. The mapping of the vulnerability of the alluvial groundwater to pollution is useful to identify the areas that require protection. The mapping is done by applying the DRASTIC method, based on seven physiographic and hydrogeological parameters from remote sensing data (DTM) and exogenous data (lithological, pedological, meteorological, hydrogeological). The study area is the plain of Sidi Bel Abbes (1 166 km2) in Northwest Algeria. It is a Quaternary depression. The choice of the zone is linked to the existence of a hydrogeological unit (alluvial water table), a zone with high agricultural value and a multiplication of sources of water pollution. The results obtained translated the risk of pollution of water resources (alluvial water and Chorfa dam water, stream Mekerra) by various sources, urban and industrial, including landfills and industrial wastewater. The flow of polluted water towards the Chorfa dam degrades the quality of these waters. The waters retained by this dam in December 2016 were highly polluted and had a dry residue of 1 940 mg∙L-1, dissolved oxygen of 66.5%, NH4 of 2 mg∙L-1, nitrite of 0.22 mg∙L-1 and phosphorus of 0.51 mg∙L-1. Stream Mekerra waters analysed in 2010 were of very poor quality: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of 41.296 t∙a-1, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 123.465 t∙a-1, total nitrogen of 3 193 t∙a-1 and total phosphorus of 2 342 t∙a-1. Given the permanent connection between the stream and the groundwater, there is a deterioration in the quality of groundwater. In view of this degradation, a vulnerability map was drawn up to distinguish the zones of high vulnerability in order to take the necessary protective measures; these zones represent 34% of the surface of the alluvial sheet.

Keywords: sources de pollution, mages ALSAT-2A, vulnérabilité, plaine Sidi Bel Abbès, ressources en eaux, pollution sources, satellite images, vulnerability, Sidi Bel Abbes plain, water resources