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AbstractInitiated by Prahalad (2004), “Bottom of Pyramid (BOP) Strategies” need probably, one of the highest degrees of involvement if we consider the large range of corporate social responsibility and responsiveness practices in the last years (Martinet, Payaud, 2008a, 2008b, 2009). Such very complex projects require radical innovations and very deep attention and care to cope with territories and local communities specificities.The aim of this article is to formulate a conceptual framework and a set of interrelated propositions for the strategic management of “BOP” ambitious projects. Under these guidelines, it seems possible to achieve both the goals of the firm and the human communities development on the long run.

Keywords: stratégie RSE BOP, pauvreté, communautés locales, ONU, “BOP Strategies”, poorness, human communities development, U.N.O., estrategia RSE BDP, pobreza, comunidades locales, desarrollo humano

This study focuses on the analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation, temperature, and discharge indices in the wadi Mina watershed (6 048 km2) in the Algerian northwest during the period of 1979-2013.The application of the non-parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis on rainfall indices has revealed that the total annual rainfall and the maximum number of consecutive rainy days show a large spatial variability. The number of days with high discharge decreases from the north to the south of the basin. As for the Mann-Kendall test, it revealed a decreasing trend in total annual rainfall. On the other hand, the maximal and minimal temperatures significantly increased with time. It was the same for the sequences of consecutive dry days, rainfall intensities and extremely rainy days. Also, the frequency of days with high discharge has decreased, while that with low discharge has increased in the three wadis Mina, Haddad and El Abd. Finally, the decrease in rainfall and the increase in temperature have generated a decline in water resources.

Keywords: température, pluies, débits, oued Mina, Algérie, Kruskal-Wallis, tendance, Mann-Kendall, temperature, rainfall, discharge, wadi Mina, Algeria, Kruskal-Wallis, trend, Mann-Kendall

Research carried out in the city of Sokodé (Center-Togo) in June 2017 made it possible to assess the diversity of woody species and to raise people's perceptions of their importance. The woods of the concessions, the roads, the establishments, the interstices and the public places were inventoried. In a compartment of a given compartment, the scientific names of the species present have been identified. A total of 118 woody species grouped into 98 genera and 38 families have been identified in 209 records. The Shannon diversity index (4.8 bits) is relatively higher at the establishment level, followed by concessions (4.61 bits), interstices (4.03 bits) then roads (3.7 bits). On the other hand, the fairness of Piélou is higher (0.87) at the road level. The families of Fabaceae (25 species and 22 genera), Moraceae (11 species and 3 genera), Rutaceae (7 species and 4 genera), Apocynaceae (6 species and 5 genera), Arecaceae and Malvaceae (6 species and 6 genera each), Annonaceae (5 species and 3 genera), Bignonaceae (5 species and 5 genera) and Euphorbiaceae (5 species and 4 genera) are the most represented. Microphanerophytes (54.7%) and mesophanerophytes (29.91%) are the most abundant biological types. In terms of phytogeography, the Sudano-Zambezian species (20.41%) are the most represented, followed by the Pantropical species (19.39%). A questionnaire survey was carried out with 120 people in the city of Sokodé. The importance of woody trees in urban areas is recognized by local populations. The main recognized advantage is food (63.5%), to which are added others such as shade (59.5%), rest (41.9%), wind control and erosion (39.9%).The fruits (84.7%), leaves (38.7%), roots (16.7%) and bark (16.7%) of many woody species are harvested to meet the needs of the populations; which mean that they face several threats. In this context, only sustainable management would allow better conservation of this resource in the city of Sokodé.

Keywords: diversité, ligneux, importance, Sokodé, Togo, diversity, woody, importance, Sokodé, Togo

The Bangui Accord, in force across all States that make up the African Intellectual Property Organization (known by its French acronym OAPI) governs both industrial property and copyright. Although the subject matter covered under copyright resembles closely that of the international intellectual property regime, Folklore, the focus of this paper, benefits from a unique system. In fact, the States of OAPI, via the revised Bangui Accord established a sui generis system of protection for traditional cultural expressions or Folklore. The special rules applicable to Folklore have been a very controversial proposition. Despite this, the sui generis system even if it is subject to certain limitations, is better suited to protect Folklore that can be diverse and ever changing.

This article highlights the Algerian insurance companies’ experience in the realm of marketing and asks whether the principles and techniques of this discipline can be applied to these firms. It emphasizes the need for these companies to invest heavily in marketing development schemes if they are to develop and promote life insurance products and encourage households’ subscriptions. This is mainly because the Algerian social-economic and cultural setting does not encourage the development of this type of product. To achieve this, changes are needed at many levels including: adoption of a new approach to customers, improving after-sales service, quicker compensation procedures, aggressive sales efforts, introducing new distribution channels and innovations in business processes, organizational structures, and products etc. These are real challenges for marketers in these firms, but if dealt with properly, they will help them re-position their life insurance products and achieve growth. This paper, by analyzing relevant data and reviewing the specific Algerian institutional, economic and social context, will examine the conditions of a successful marketing mix policy that enable the development of the life insurance industry in Algeria.

Keywords: Assurance vie, marketing-mix, contexte socio économique, contexte culturel, Algérie, Life insurance, marketing mix, social economic setting, cultural setting, Algeria

AbstractIn France as in most western countries, the immigrant is strongly associated with delinquency in collective representations and in media and political discourses concerning « insecurity ». This association can be decomposed into two distinct concerns : the delinquency of foreigners and the delinquency of French youth born of immigrants. This article proposes a critical survey of French research on these questions, based on administrative data and sociological research, both qualitative and quantitative. The rigorous examination of police statistics does not allow for the measurement of foreigners' delinquency. It does, however, invite us to distinguish between the professional delinquency of non resident foreigners and the delinquency of resident foreigners, such as theft and physical violence, a type of delinquency classically observed in the poorest part of the population. Sociological research allows us, then, to emphasize the fact that an overrepresentation of youth born of African immigrants among juvenile delinquents can be observed in some places but not as a general and uniform process. This statement of fact leads us to try to discover the local processes that favour the development of this local variation, from both sociological and psycho-sociological points of view.

The European societies have been overwhelmed by the effects of economic growth they have initiated. Now they no longer dominate the world, will they invest in their well-being, or will they be prone to tearing induced by global competition? The path is narrow to refocus our societies: it will pass through the promotion of human qualities at odds with those most rewarded by the major corporations. The better-life indexes might contribute.