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This article addresses the problem of management of terrorist threat by a department dedicated to one-off measures in the aims of peacekeeping, peacemaking and international security. The author evaluates the management of actions against terrorism by the Security Council on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks. Under the angle of international law, and more specifically, of the United Nations institutional law, the assessment of the initiatives against terrorism led by the Security Council is very rich. Both because of the abundance of organizational bodies put in place and their incessant restructuration as well as the repeated redefinition of their missions and their passage from a criminological approach to a sociological one. The goal being to correct initial measures and adapt them to the evolution of international terrorism. Nevertheless, this overwhelming activity does not permit the complete confirming of the Council's measures to international law – measures being adopted as such being in some ways more symbolical than real – nor the leading of the Council's struggle against terrorism in an perfectly coordinated institutional framework. These limits prevent the Council from reaching its optimal efficiency in this struggle. But if the unification of the Council's antiterrorist initiatives structures is clearly possible, the question of the compatibility between these initiatives and the compliance to international law remains, because of the pragmatism that characterises the antiterrorist initiatives led by the Council.

Although associated to the right of decolonization, the right of self determination has been the object of new and separate normative development. The evolution of the norm of self-determination shows the relative failure of three important principles: that of economic independence of people, especially those of the third world; that of collective right to democracy and autonomy for the society as a whole or in the favour of an inter-state community; at the end that of a secession right based on the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination. Those principles had a certain legal impact and produced some legal effects; therefore, they can be considered as legal norms. The fact that they are not considered as positive norms of international law suggests that a lot of obstacles exist as to their realization. Globalization is a multiform phenomenon generated by many different factors both converging and diverging. Theoretically grounded on the right to auto-determination, democracy at the national as well as international level remains a project to construct beyond the political rhetoric. The elitist purpose of a supra national order should leave its place for the rights of peoples to self-determination which becomes a judicial protection going in the direction of the maintenance of this democratic ideal notwithstanding its weak reception in the international order.

Resource diplomacy has emerged as a key element in international relations. The controversy over the use of the grain embargo and persistent concern about the Middle East has allowed food and oil to continue to gain a great deal of attention as weapons of resource diplomacy. Other raw materials, nevertheless, also lend themselves to analysis of this sort. Strategic minerals, in particular, have been increasingly looked at as means of influence in both North/South and the East I West contexts. This study hopes to contribute to this growing body of literature by examining the significance (and merger) of the North/South and East I West contexts in regard to strategic minerals with particular reference to the Federal Republic of Germany. The paper examines the triangular relationship in strategic minerals between the FRG, Southern Africa and the Soviet Union. A number of scenarios have been put forward pertaining to a Soviet threat to Western mineral imports from Southern Africa. The most plausible of these scenarios appears to be that rather than the Soviets initiating action in Africa they respond to events in order to undermine confidence in the West. Such a scenario has serious implications for the FRG. Still, our tentative findings are that dire forecasts about a Soviet stranglehold on the FRG in terms of minerals are overplayed. It is suggested that coping mechanisms do exist for the FRG's supplies of raw materials.

AbstractFathers' presence at deliveries in Denmark In a sub-study under the research program Fathers' Relation to Their Infants, an investigation was conducted on fathers and delivery in Denmark. The fathers were present in 88.1% of all deliveries (N=698). For the most of the remaining 11.9% the reasons for not participating seem related to either an Islamic background (6%), special circumstances at the delivery, or the woman being single. The fathers stated in answers to a questionnaire before delivery (N=165) that they wanted to be present for their own sake and not only to support their partners, and to another questionnaire after delivery (N=116) that they were happy to have been there (98%). 87.5% of the fathers participated in prophylactic consultations. Almost all of them found it beneficial. Two-thirds felt personally welcome but 54% did not feel directly invited and 40% did not experience that they were directly addressed to by the midwives during the consultations. The results point to the need for changes in routines in hospitals in accordance with the actual wishes in families of today.

The study aims to analyze the emergence of conflicts arising from the modes of governance of hydro-agricultural developments in the Niger valley in Benin. Semi-structured interviews, focus groups and interviews were organized with the different actors involved in the governance of hydro-agricultural developments. A total of 110 people were interviewed, including leaders of rice-growers' cooperatives, public administration in the agricultural sector, and communal and local authorities. Translation of recordings from smartphones facilitated data collection and processing. Discourse analysis was used to understand the types of conflicts, their emergence and their methods of resolution. In the Niger Valley of Benin, the modes of governance observed are: community, community-private (mixed) and private. Several conflicts arose from the failure to respect operational, collective and constitutional rules. The proximity of producers to local political leaders has led to the recurrence of conflicts. Finally, beyond the regulation so desired by the various actors, other strategies based on social capital have been used by the State to ensure stability in the operation of hydro-agricultural developments.

Keywords: gestion, aménagements hydroagricoles, régulation, capital social, vallée du Niger, Bénin, management, hydro-agricultural developments, regulation, social capital, Niger valley, Benin

CUSMA's Chapter 33 on Macroeconomic Policies and Exchange Rate Matters constitutes a new addition to the realm of preferential trade agreements and therefore had no equivalent chapter in NAFTA. The new provisions seem to have been included in the renegotiation agenda at the request of the United States following the multiple currency manipulations done in the 2003–2013 decade and the inability of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to effectively regulate competitive devaluations. While this is not an issue between the three CUSMA parties, this chapter is seen as a model for future trade agreements. The originality of the inclusion of provisions on macroeconomic policies and exchange rate matters in a free trade agreement does not extend fully to the content of such provisions. The majority of the substantive articles resemble non-binding provisions found in the IMF Articles of Agreement. However, the parties agreed to subject the transparency requirements to the dispute settlement mechanism of the entire agreement, adding a layer of enforcement not found previously in other forums. The inclusion of this chapter in CUSMA demonstrates the will of some States to include more and more non-trade issues in free trade agreements in order to beneficiate from the strong dispute settlement mechanisms they generally contain. It remains to be seen if Chapter 33 will be reproduced in future trade agreements.