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A source of food for the populations, agriculture represents a key economic activity for precarious urban households and plays a major role in the food system of the city of Ziguinchor. It is characterized by a diversity of actors, organized or not in networks, and its products pass through various marketing circuits, thus contributing to the food security of city dwellers. This food security is now one of the major challenges for the city, linked to population growth. It leads to new relationships between agricultural actors and urban actors in a rapidly expanding city. Through the supply of city dwellers with vegetables, this article looks back on the actors of agriculture, in particular women farmers, the circuits, the practices, and the challenges of the development of agricultural activity in the city of Ziguinchor. These learnings are all keys to understanding urban production basins, links, networks, and distribution circuits of local or non-local food products in the city of Ziguinchor. The analysis is based on a questionnaire and a corpus of interviews conducted with commercial players (wholesalers, retailers, intermediaries), market gardeners and consumers. The results show a mobilization of networks used by various actors and distribution channels of food products. In addition, the diversity of actors, networks, mobilized flows and circuits helps to promote results in terms of food security.

Keywords: Agriculture urbaine, système alimentaire, circuits courts alimentaires, proximité, sécurité alimentaire, Ziguinchor, Sénégal, Urban Agriculture, Food System, Short Food Circuits, Geographic Proximity, Food Safety, Ziguinchor, Senegal

This article analyzes the conception of religion that appears from the religion-based asylum claims litigation in Canada. The Canadian State is compelled to respect a double obligation of neutrality and guarantee of freedom of conscience and religion, which leads it to interfere in the religious field to outline the concept of religion. The particularity of the asylum litigation reveals a functional understanding of religion, which remains nonetheless permeated with sociocultural residues. The analysis will first present the strategies of the commissioners and judges to avoid defining the religion. It will then show how the specificities of the asylum litigation, including the analysis of factual elements such as the credibility assessment, the evaluation of the risk of persecution and well-founded fear, affect the definition of religion that emerges from it.

Keywords: Religion, asile, liberté religieuse, persécution, crédibilité, sincérité des croyances, Religion, asylum, religious freedom, persecution, credibility, sincerity of belief

This article aims at positing new theoretical and methodological approaches to better understand the commitment of SMEs to CSR. The state of the art of the publications from the best ranked journals3 from 2005 to 2015 shows that out of 83 articles published in 35 journals, organizational and strategic management theories hitherto identified provides a partial picture of the commitment of SMEs to CSR. As a matter of fact, these theories focus on the basis of the large American business, although different from the characteristics of the SME, thereby leading to distorting situations. It was therefore suggested to use the characteristics of Japanese companies which are compatible with the SME. Consequently, the theories identifies may be supplemented by sociological theories such as entrepreneurship, human resources, incentive and convention theories. Furthermore, concerning the methodology, no study presents the point of view of the researcher as a reflective practitioner who may produce different and conclusive results.

Keywords: Engagement des PME, RSE, Théorie des organisations, Management stratégique, Posture réflexive, Commitment of SMEs, CSR, Organizational theory, Strategic management, Reflective stance, Compromiso de la PyME, RSE, Teoría de las organizaciones, Gestión estratégica, Postura reflexiva

This paper aims to explore the paradoxical tensions that are present in sustainability-driven and high-growth SMEs, and the practices implemented to deal with such tensions. This research is based on a single-case study within a French SME, a pioneer in the organic sector. The study findings reveal four major paradoxical tensions that progressively deepen in the course of high-growth periods : normative and utilitarian identities, organic and external growth, exploration and exploitation, disorganization and structuring. They also suggest a set of strategic keys, allowing to manage paradoxical situations through the perspectives of dialogue and differentiation.

Keywords: Croissance, Développement durable, Paradoxe, PME, Étude de cas, Growth, Sustainable development, Paradox, SME, Case study, Crecimiento, Desarrollo sostenible, Paradoja, PyME, Estudio de caso

Over the last decade, several studies have focused on massive open online courses (MOOCs). The synthesis presented here concentrates on these studies and aims to examine the place held by content in these studies, especially those produced between 2012 and 2018: sixty-five peer reviewed papers are identified through five major educational technology research journals. The analysis revealed that these research articles covered a wide diversity of content. Content was mainly defined in terms of objectives of MOOCs, prerequisites required for participation in the MOOC, types of learning scenarios, and, though rarely, through the strategies used to convey content. In addition, empirical studies adopted a variety of conceptual frameworks which focused mainly on learning strategies without relating to the content in question. Finally, content was seldom considered as a research object. These results can provide MOOC researchers and instructors with insights for the study and design of MOOCs by taking into account the specificity of their content.

Keywords: MOOC, research review, didactics, content