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In European society, individuals tend to fall back on their communal identity. Each community wants to be autonomous vis-à-vis all other communities and at the same time wants to be homogeneous within in itself. Only through a refusal of identifying with the " Other", the "Foreigner" can "We" be asserted, and thus build up a self-sufficient communal identity. Over the years, the exclusion principle of the "Other" considerably intensified in Europe with the introduction of new divisional factors, such as ethnicity, continental and institutional, which have been used to define "Us". Through their narration, urban legends allow Europeans to reaffirm their norms and values as a means of clarifying one of their identities. The semio-pragmatic analysis of hundreds of urban legends allows us to show the intentions, representations, connections and roles of their subjects/transmitters. All of these stories explain the confrontation of two protagonists and its consequences: one protagonist represents the community that includes the subjects/transmitters, the narrator and the hero, all sharing the same moral values and humorous complicity; the other represents an opposing group considered "negative". This opposition allows the adherents to the urban legend to associate individuals with frightening, forbidden or mysterious acts or events. If the interactional approach shows that situations of identity construction or affirmation are complex and cannot be summarized by a strict and unchanging opposition between two groups, the content of the European urban legends nevertheless builds on a simplification of reality that facilitates the representation of the world and of oneself. As the designation of the " Other" does not rely on facts but rather on beliefs and stereotypes, the "Other" becomes a scapegoat which, by opposition, enables us to understand how Europeans identify themselves today.

Keywords: urban legends, légendes urbaines, identity construction, construction identitaire, narratives, bouc émissaire, scapegoat, récits

In recent years there has been an important shift in the pattern of Canadian food aid distribution towards a greater concentration on Africa. Recent projections call for increased transfers of food aid to Africa in the foreseeable future. Given the growing concern about the long-term contribution that food aid might make to increasing food sufficiency in Africa, this paper examines the concept of « developmental » food aid and its implications for Canadian food aid policy. First, the article discusses some of the problems that arise out of the provision of increased volumes of non-emergency food aid to Africa. Then, it examines the recent evolution of Canadian food aid policy with particular attention to some of the difficulties involved in implementing a strategy of providing « developmental » food aid to Africa on a long-term basis. The issues of policy dialogue, recipient selection, donor co-ordination, and food aid dependence are discussed respectively.

This present study performed in the upper Bandama catchment at Tortiya station in Northern Côte d'Ivoire aims to improve our knowledge on hydroclimatic and land cover in order to lead to a better water resources management. It is based on the exploitation of rainfall and runoff data and satellite images. Thus application of statistic tests (Pettitt, Lee, Heghinian) highlights changes in rainfall regime during the 1970s. This modification reveals a decrease of 12 % and 22 % in rainfall depending on the stations (16.5 % in average) causing a stronger decrease in runoff (62.5 %) at Tortiya station. Depletion coefficients become very high (more than 8 10-2 j-1) after the 1970s. Groundwater recharge decreases with an average effective infiltration of 212 mm in decade 1980-1989 and 184 mm in the decade 1990-1999. In the same time, diachronic study of land cover of satellite images from November 1986 (TM sensor) and January 2000 (ETM+ sensor) on test area of watershed allowed to obtain a trend of land cover. The main observed changes are the increase of habitats (+3.1 %), bare soil (+6.64 %) and crops areas (+21.60 %) and inversely a reduction of the area covered by savannah (-29 %) and forests (-1.38 %). These modifications led to changes on hydrological behaviour of catchment.

Keywords: hydroclimatologie, occupation du sol, bassin versant, Landsat, étude diachronique, ressources en eau, Côte d'Ivoire, Afrique, hydroclimatology, land cover, catchment area, Landsat, diachronic study, water resources, Ivory coast, Africa

This qualitative research explores the deployment of the social-HR component of the CSR policies of a multinational bank in its subsidiaries in Madagascar, Cameroon, Tunisia. Beyond the African contingencies common to the subsidiaries studied, the results show that the adoption of a “customer-supplier” approach can make it possible to respond effectively to the social aspirations of employees and those of external stakeholders. The analysis of the results suggests to sustainably operate in Africa a hybrid approach of practices through the operationalization of a socially responsible HR, understood and accepted by stakeholders, as a lever of well-being and in fine of social and economic performance.

Keywords: RSE, GRH socialement responsable, tensions stratégiques, entreprise multinationale (EMN), Afrique, CSR, socially responsible HRM, strategic tensions, multinational company, Africa, RSE, gestión de recursos humanos socialmente responsable, tensiones estratégicas, empresa multinacional, África

On the 30th anniversary of the adoption of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, this paper analyzes the African contribution to the development of the international legal regime for the protection of children affected by armed conflict. It is argued that the African regional rules aimed at providing protection to children in situations of armed conflict enrich the equivalent rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) and thus provide Africa with an effective legal framework for improving the plight of children affected by armed conflict. In this regard, after noting the absence of an unequivocal definition of the term “child” in IHL, it is demonstrated that the African conventional and customary rules have the advantage of establishing a precise and uniform definition of the term “child”, not without highlighting the positive consequences of this definition for the strengthening of the legal protection of children in armed conflict. Subsequently, a comparison is made between the universal and regional rules of humanitarian law relating to the protection of children and, through a systematic and evolving interpretation, it is demonstrated that the regional rules reaffirm the protections enshrined in the universal rules, while safeguarding their coherence and integrity. Finally, by using a comparative and analytical approach, it is demonstrated that conventional and customary regional rules governing the prohibition of the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict have the merit of being more protective than the equivalent rules of IHL. It is further concluded that the full respect and implementation of these rules could contribute to put an end to the phenomenon of child soldiers in Africa.

This article proposes a new interpretation of a controversial and important figure of early Acadian history, Charles de Menou, on the basis of an analysis of historical documents relating to his parents and family. It shows that while Charles was certainly typical of the old nobility in his general outlook and attitudes, he broke with family expectations and became estranged from his father as a result of his career in Acadia. Although Charles helped lay the foundation for a permanent colony, he also left a legacy of financial ruin and damaged reputation for his widow and children. Despite his hope that he had established a new family estate in Acadia, none of his children stayed in the colony and, in fact, they all died without leaving children of their own.

Despite the enthusiasm for sustainable development at the local level, very few studies have focused their attention on evaluating the role of the personality of leaders in the conduct of marketing as an essential tool for the management of local authorities. Our study analyzes how the personality of the leader in professional practice influences sustainable development at the local level. The results of the study allow us to develop a conceptual model showing that leaders with a high sense of patriotism and an openness to experience use segmentation to develop their territory sustainably, while those with a great vision tend to rely more on marketing investments for the sustainable development of their territory.

Keywords: marketing territorial, développement local, personnalité, intégration marketing, vision du dirigeant, territorial marketing, local development, personality, marketing integration, manager's vision

The peri-urban areas of large African cities are experiencing a number of agricultural mutations. These areas are integrated into the market economy through a production system oriented towards meeting urban demand. The rural periphery of the metropolitan area of Dakar is at the core of these new investment dynamics, which are controlled by the agro-industries. This article analyzes the logic of the implementation of agro-industrial units, the spatial strategies that have been developed as a result, as well as their impact on communities and the environment. Our central hypothesis is built around an emerging agricultural system rooted in a capitalist exploitation of the local resources, which is upsetting the economic and social organization of the local population, and its relationship with place. We conducted a qualitative analysis of the data collected in 2015 and 2017 with the agro-industries and the local population. The diverse agro-industries are developing territorial strategies that are inscribed in a dynamic of world production, which is more or less integrated to the local metropolitan demand.

Keywords: Agro-industries, périphéries rurales métropolitaines, mutations foncières, territoire, Agro-industries, metropolitan rural peripheries, land mutations, territory, Agroindustriales, periferias rurales metropolitanas, transformaciones de bienes-raíces, territorio

AbstractThe modelling of groundwater flow in a fractured network was carried out using a theoretical approach based on the geometric characteristics of the fractures in the Achaean basement of the Touba region (Ivory Coast). This study is based on structural data (fracture network) interpreted from satellite imagery, and confirmed by field surveys. The characterization of the geometric parameters (study of scale laws) and the study of network connectivity were followed by calculations of flows and equivalent induced permeability using a discrete fractures model based on several hypotheses (e.g., only fractures and fault zones are conducting and permeable; all the fractures are vertical and have the same permeability; the hydraulic gradient is applied on a square domain independent of the topography). The Touba region fractures network is a mature (fracture length distribution follows a power law) and fractal (self-similar) network. The simulated flows are strongly channelled in fractures of regional size which largely control the connectivity of the network under the above assumptions regarding the physiographic characteristics of the area and the imposed hydraulic gradient. The groundwater pathways, determined by the hydrogeologic model, seem to agree with the zones of mean and high yield. In central and western Touba, the model produced satisfactory results (partial conformability between the simulated groundwater pathways and boreholes that have mean and high yields). This result is promising with respect to the identification of the best sites for drilling high yield boreholes.

Keywords: réseau fracturé, télédétection, lois d'échelle, connectivité, modèle à fractures discrètes, Côte d'Ivoire, fractured network, remote sensing, law scale, connectivity, discrete fractures model, Ivory Coast