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The author aims to highlight and read over some experiences of both racialized and white lesbian feminists, from the end of the 90s, against racism in the lesbian feminist movement, and then against the nationalist restrictions of French migration politics – using Jasbir K. Puars' concept of homonationalism (2007). It stems from the author's personal experience, given that she participated as an activist as well as an academic, into different ‘ women and lesbians in migration ' initiatives. The author's epistemological stand values the importance of the standpoint. In this sense, she also underlines the central role played by some racialized and proletarized lesbians.The author distinguishes a first period, from 1999 to 2004, in which the central struggle is the denunciation of racism within the lesbian movement, which is formulated by a group of racialized lesbians who strongly advocate, for the first time, for an autonomous organization – i.e. without white lesbians. From 2005 to 2010, the struggle takes a turn towards fighting heterosexism in migrations politics (increasingly restrictive), and towards highlighting lesbians' migration – through mixed-race initiatives, that are in part, academic ones. Finally, the author goes back to the concept of « homonationalism », proposing the concepts of « heterocirculation » of women and « lesbonationalism », in order to describe the present situation as well as the action taken by new groups.

Keywords: lesbianisme, féminisme, migration, asile, homonationalisme, lesbonationalisme, hétérocirculation des femmes

This article analyses three ways of being in the field adopted by anthropologists according to their understanding of the discipline. This analysis thus presents a brief history of conceptions of intersubjectivity manifest in the evolution of fieldwork practices over the past sixty years. In the structuralist tradition the researcher creates for himself a scientific self that enables him to grasp what he observes in a manner which is beyond the grasp of people met in the field. In the interpretive tradition the researcher deems his fieldwork successful according to his ability to distance himself from his own « fictions » to identify and analyze those in terms of which others live. Finally, in the experiential tradition, the investigator consents to a deeper intercultural experience on which to base his ethnographic knowledge. From one historical period we demonstrate that increasing degrees of participation in the lifeworld of others lead to new kinds of ethnography.

Keywords: Goulet, épistémologie, intersubjectivité, travail de terrain, monde de la vie, Goulet, Epistemology, Intersubjectivity, Fieldwork, Lifeworld, Goulet, epistemología, intersubjetividades, trabajo de campo, mundo de la vida

AbstractBased on a Nigerian case-study, this article aims at understanding the complexity and the limits of an African diaspora in the making. It reviews the various historical phases that contributed to shape exile identities. The objective is to analyse the trans-national links with the homeland from a global and empirical perspective. Hence the paper focuses first on the trade slave and the making of a black diaspora in the classical meaning of the word. After colonisation and independence, it then appraises the political and economical factors that explain a modern emigration. As compared to the trauma and the deportation of the slave trade, the article raises the issue of the coercive dimension of contemporary dispersion. Today's Nigerian migrant communities are based on ethnic identities and not so much on a common national suffering ; yet they keep very much in touch with their homeland, to which they often remit money on a regular basis.

Keywords: Pérouse de Montclos, migrations internationales, déplacements forcés, diaspora, Nigeria, Pérouse de Montclos, international migrations, forced displacements, diaspora, Nigeria, Pérouse de Montclos, migraciones transnacionales, traslados forzados, diáspora, Nigeria

AbstractI present an ethnographic model that relates culture and development to the migration process that has brought Senegalese to Andalusia. I criticize the official “aid for development” position, and examine the role of migrants residing in the receiving country. I show how the Senegalese Mourides in city of Seville are involved in the development of a social organizational model focused on the holy city of Touba in Senegal. Then, I look at the role that the Mouride brotherhood plays in the development of Senegal. I suggest that it is the impossible to speak of the notions of society of origin and society of destination as two differentiated spaces in the daily reality of the Senegalese immigrants. This is rather a transnational migration defined by the constant transit of people as well as material and symbolic goods between the here (Seville) and the there (Senegal).

Keywords: Transnationalisme, développement, mouridisme, Sénégalais, immigration, Andalousie, transnationalism, development, Senegalese, mouridism, immigration, Andalucia

The paradox of the insolvent enterprises contracting new debts regularly is the motivation of this research. The statistic tests done on a sample of 62 manufacturing firms show that the financial behaviour of these enterprises is mainly explained by two factors : the rate of asset immobilization and the manager's social capital. The impact of the first factor is due to the asset capacity to serve as guarantee, and the impact of the second one is inherent to the possibility offered by the relational networks to get round norms or to reach informal circuits and alternative sources of financing. This last aspect is a beginning of answer to the insolvency and indebtedness paradox. This result denotes the co-existence of two parallel dimensions in Cameroon environment of business. Beside the formal where the lack of confidence and legibility between the actors push financial backers to excesses of prudence, subsist an informal universe where confidence, loyalty and solidarity seem to be cement of the business relationships.

Keywords: Structure financière, Insolvabilité, Endettement PMI, Structure de propriété, Capital social

Nowhere in the Arab world have anxieties about social and cultural change been as intensely discussed as in Saudi Arabia, where the Salafi doctrine of Wahhabiyya at the heart of the Saudi system as a sacrosanct vision of authenticity grounded in cultural and religious purity and gender separation. The advent of « reality television » in the mid-2000s has activated these debates in the kingdom. Notably Star Academy, a popular Arabic-language reality show broadcast by the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation (LBC) via satellite from Lebanon since December 2003 achieved record Saudi ratings and provoked an intense controversy in Saudi Arabia, emptying city streets and animating mosque sermons, opinion pages, and talk-shows. Elsewhere I have mapped how the show became the locus of a battle between Saudi radicals, conservatives and liberals. This article traces overlapping Saudi-Islamist discourses about television, including various rhetorics of censorship and critical engagement, drawing on a variety of primary texts, most centrally a widely circulated sermon titled Satan Academy by Shaykh Muhammad Saleh Al Munajjid. I focus on how public controversies about reality television has crystallized new episodes of long-standing debates.

Keywords: Kraidy, Arabie saoudite, modernité, authenticité, islam, téléréalité, Kraidy, Saudi Arabia, Modernity, Authenticity, Islam, Reality TV, Kraidy, Arabia saudita, modernidad, autenticidad, islam, tele-realidad

In this article, the authors reflect on the necessary dialogue between schools and community organizations to meet the challenges of academic achievement, particularly in pluri-ethnic and under-resourced urban contexts. The article refers to several studies on school issues – from here and elsewhere – in which community organizations are present as participant, research setting, or otherwise referred to by parents, students, or teachers in the study. This article presents examples of activities and /or projects by community organizations aimed at children-student.

Within an African context where banks have environmental responsibility and dedicated investor control, this research investigates the influence of shareholders on the environmental responsibility of 42 multinational banks between 2005 and 2014. Using data from annual reports and analyzing them using White's method, the main conclusion is that shareholders are ecologically responsible. Depending on their nature, foreign and state investors negatively influence environmental responsibility, meanwhile institutional, family and managerial shareholders positively influence it. Lastly, female managers moderate the behaviour of ecologically responsible shareholders, whereas Western managerial culture acts as a mediator.

Keywords: Actionnariat, Responsabilité Environnementale, Banque Multinationale, Féminisme, RSE, Culture Africaine, Shareholding, Corporate Environmental Responsibility, Multinational Bank, Feminism, CSR, African Culture, accionariado, responsabilidad medioambiental, banco multinacional, feminismo, RSE, cultura africana