Search Results

Countless studies have been done in Western countries on landscape, be they about its materiality, social representations, or the public policies to which it is the object. In contrast, other than their material dimensions, the social representations of the landscape, have been much less studied in the Southern countries, while landscape policies are virtually non-existent, and thus so are studies about them. Nevertheless, the western concept of “landscape” is infiltrating the countries in different ways, with the current development of an International Convention of the Landscape, modeled on the European Convention of Landscape (Florence, 2000), process that has not been studied yet. That is what leads us to question about the ways landscape can exist in the Southern countries as an object of public policies. In this article, we ask what landscape means through the prism of its institutionalization in the Southern countries, where cultures are often very different from those of Western countries. To address this question, we use an approach that considers landscape as a complex of interrelated dimensions, including material, ideal (representations) and Political (the dimension of the action). This reflection will lead us to propose research paths dealing with the implications of transferring this model.

Keywords: paysage, pays du Sud, représentations sociales, politiques publiques, approche langagière du paysage, landscape, Southern countries, social representations, public policies, landscape approach through language

In Africa, support schemes for entrepreneurs have proliferated in recent years in a context where entrepreneurship is politically encouraged. Based on the hypothesis that this significant material and ideological investment leads to a homogenization of the stories of the social groups exposed to this process, our article analyzes the narratives of beneficiaries of two entrepreneurship programmes. It is based on several ethnographies and interviews conducted during various events organized as part of the Enactus Maroc and the Tony Elumelu Entrepreneurship Programmes, as well as a quantitative search of beneficiaries' self-presentation texts written when they applied for the latter. Analysis of the self-presentations reveals thematic regularities and a leaning towards individualization of the entrepreneurial act, on the one hand, and the construction of a common cause around “Africa”, on the other. These regularities are rooted in widely shared and diffuse principles of justification. Finally, we argue that the relative homogenization of the narratives must be understood in relation to the technical devices that produced them. Circulating through transnational institutional networks, these technologies act as conduits, and even producers, of legitimate discourse on entrepreneurship. They transform the ways in which entrepreneurship is practised. They transform the legitimate ways in which new entrepreneurs present themselves, thereby helping to standardize discursive practices.

Keywords: Entrepreneurialisme, Afrique, Entrepreneurs, Récits, Technologies entrepreneuriale, Entrepreneurialism, Africa, Entrepreneurs, Narratives, Entrepreneurial technologies

Rural areas that are becoming urbanized in Agadir are experiencing major changes as a result of globalized economic and urban dynamics. Better understanding the urban - rural/rural - urban interrelationship that has developed means analyzing the strategies adopted by economic or sociopolitical stakeholders in relation to major issues such as export-based agribusiness, international tourism, and important land-related issues arising from the growth of metropolitan Agadir. These strategies vary, depending on the importance of the players involved, the strength of their ties to the region and the flexibility they can exercise in alternating between alliances and competition. The major economic stakeholders, most of them transnationals, some involved in local or national politics and others not, draw simultaneously on urban and rural resources. The resulting tightly-woven fabric of capitalism leaves little room for smaller players. While this excessive, global economy-dependent integration does lead to remarkable economic success, it also increases socioeconomic and environmental vulnerability, thereby undermining any possibility of sustainable development.

Keywords: Grand Agadir, espaces ruraux, périurbanisation, mondialisation, acteurs, vulnérabilités, Metropolitan Agadir, rural spaces, peri-urbanization, globalization, stakeholders, vulnerabilities, Gran Agadir, espacios rurales, peri urbanización, mundialización, actores, vulnerabilidades

A study of physical, chemical and biological descriptors of the water in the storage reservoir of a combined stabilization pond (Ben Slimane, Morocco), during maturation, showed an improvement of the purification output for some variables after 36 days of retention. Such an environment, rich with a range of different nutrients, allowed an optimal development of plankton characterized by a high species diversity that decreased with time. Zooplankton development seemed to be limited by poor phytoplankton biomass. However, trophic factors such as nutrients and temperature affected the evolution of planktonic species.After 36 days of retention, the decrease in BOD5, COD, NH4+, NO3-, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TNK), PO43-, total phosphorus (TP), and the increase in pH, dissolved oxygen and transparency, suggested that maturation had been reached at this level. Simultaneously, phyto- and zooplankton were present in low densities. Nevertheless, beyond this stage of maturation, phytoplankton proliferation occurred, dominated by Euglena viridis whose exponential phase of growth began at the 18th day of maturation and reached a maximum density after 81 days (4.1x106 individus/m3). A low proportion of Chlorophyte species was observed, represented by Pediastrum boryanum and Ankyra judai. The zooplankton community was dominated by two species of Cladocera (Daphnia magna and Diaphanosoma sp).The increase in Euglena viridis density up to 81 days coincided with zooplanktonic proliferation constituted exclusively by Rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus and Polyarthra remata). At 111 days of retention, the zooplankton community consisted of Copepods (Acanthocyclops robustus), which reappeared at this stage, as well as Nauplii Cladocera (Daphnia magna) and residual Rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus and Polyarthra remata). The remarkable decrease in Euglena density on day 111 and their complete disappearance on day 138 was probably linked to grazing by herbivorous zooplankton and to low organic matter concentrations. Euglena viridis was replaced by two Chlorophytes (Pediastrum boryanum and Ankyra judai) reaching their maximum density (91% of total algal density) on day 138. The proliferation of these species coincided with values exceeding 10.6 mg N/L. Zooplankton were dominated by Acanthocyclops robustus with the presence of Nauplii and Daphnia magna (106individuals/m3). Rotifers were present since the beginning of the maturation, but were absent by 138 days of retention.The qualitative and quantitative changes in phyto- and zooplankton result from factors that control the growth and the loss of these populations. A low growth rate can lead to biomass accumulation if the growth exceeds loss. On the other hand, a low and stable biomass can result from a high growth rate that is compensated by important losses. Zooplankton grazing and algal sedimentation, which are the two main mechanisms related to phytoplankton decline, are two selective processes (POURRIOT et al., 1982). In stabilization ponds, food chains are established that allow water clarity and minimize algal proliferation. The bacteriological study showed a remarkable purification, with reductions reaching 100% for faecal coliforms and faecal Streptococcus.

Keywords: Réservoir, lagunage mixte, maturation, rendement épuratoire, phytoplancton, zooplancton, bactériologie, Storage reservoir, combined stabilization, pond, maturation, purification output, phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteriology

The Prymnesiophyceae or Haptophyceae (Chrysophyta) contain species-forming spectacular blooms named yellow tides. Among Haptophyceae, Prymnesium parvum, Prymnesium patelliferum and Chrysochromulina polylepis are the most common. These microalgae were often involved in acute fish and aquatic invertebrates mortality cases. P. parvum, known since hundred years as being responsible for toxic blooms, has induced catastrophic fish mortality in various areas throughout the world.In Morocco, blooms of Prymnesiophyceae have never been reported up till now. Studies on phytoplankton successions in the hypertrophic brackish Oued Mellah lake (33°30'N-07°20'W) show a periodic autumnal proliferation of P. parvum. This species, which cellular densities reach a maxima of 148·106 cells·L-1 in 1998 and 169·106 cells·L-1 in 1999, dominates the other phytoplanctonic species with 34 to 80% of the total biomass. The yellow tides coincide regularly with dramatic fish and aquatic invertebrates mortality in the lake leading to the prediction of an acute toxicity due to this microalgae.The principal aim of this study was to present the first results concerning the interannual dynamics of P. parvum blooms and to discuss the influence of the particular physical and chemical water characteristics on their development.

Keywords: Prolifération, Prymnesium parvum, dynamique, ichthyotoxicité, Maroc, Blooms, Prymnesium parvum, dynamics, ichthyotoxicity, Morocco

This article describes a teaching sequence in which we have experimented digital resources of “online university (UeL)” site related to Electrostatics module with students of the first year of preparatory classes for engineering schools. We briefly remind the conceptual difficulties faced by the first cycle university students in the domain of Electrostatics. The sequence description experienced during three consecutive years in two versions is followed by an analysis of students' perception of UeL site. This analysis shows that students are widely satisfied of the content, clarity and motivation provided by this site towards learning. Then, we study the contribution of UeL to conceptions of students participating in the experiment of the Electrostatic field created by a point charge and of the superposition principle of fields created by two point charges. The results show that when UeL resources are integrated into self-learning situation accompanied with a tutor or a teacher, they permit a good appropriation of these concepts and a better interpretation of situations used as evaluation instrument.

Keywords: Site web Université en Ligne (UeL), TIC, électrostatique, évaluation, conceptions, Online university web site (UeL), ICT, electrostatics, evaluation, conceptions

This article focuses on a fieldwork study we conducted on the Rif society, more precisely on the question of power. As the culture of kif and its derivatives has emerged and developed, the socio-economic connections have been deeply changed. So have the values of honour and baraka, which were traditionally the foundation of power, symbolically built on lands and women, forbidden domains. What are the social consequences of this internationalisation of the kif economy ? How is the new power in the actual Rif ? This is what this article deals with, by analysing the new social hierarchy in general and the baznass group in particular, a new social class trying to rule a society where the symbolic basis has been chased by the material one.

Keywords: Mouna, rif, pouvoir, économie, cannabis, Mouna, Rif, Power, Economy, Cannabis, Mouna, Rif, poder, economía, cannabis

Prima facie, the African continent does not appear to be largely implicated with illegal drugs. Transnational efforts to fight diverse type of trafficking in the world, as well as innovations and networks and processes exchange by traffickers groups led to a large impact on Africa's role as a transit point. International criminal groups take advantage of the region in relation to illegal trafficking. Globalisation allows for easier moving of people and products. The displacement of criminality in less policed areas but more corrupted is an important notion. Trafficking intensification seems to have the effect of enhancing drug consumption and abuse. In West Africa, poly use and international trafficking became a high concern for the international community. Cocaine and heroin exchange in West Africa became particularly dense and international trafficking organisations have worsened the situation. Moreover, trafficking has recently been extended from West Africa to East Africa. The last section is dedicated to the context and history of three different regions of Africa, in order to further our understanding of the actual problem. We examine the case of West Africa, East Africa and North Africa.

Keywords: Afrique, commerce illégal, mondialisation, trafic, consommation, drogue, Africa, illegal business, globalisation, traffic, drug abuse, África, comercio ilegal, mundialización, trafico, consumo, droga

This article examines the relationship between pilgrimage and social dynamics in the village of Sidi Ali. The results show that, from the 1980s onwards, the pious visit (ziara) initiated a significant economic and social dynamic in this small village nestled on the Zerhoun mountain. The marked increase in the number of pilgrims since this period is attributed to the reputation of the Elhamdouchia brotherhood and the arrival of new residents, notably merchants and seers. This change transformed the villagers' economic activity, prompting them to abandon agriculture in favor of trade in the sacred domain. This transition also facilitated social mobility among the inhabitants. However, fortune-telling and homosexuality had a negative impact on the perception of the village. The findings of this study are based on an ethnographic approach using observation and semi-structured interviews.

Keywords: le pèlerinage, la, la dynamique sociale, la voyance, Sidi Ali, Maroc, pilgrimage, baraka, social dynamics, clairvoyance, Sidi Ali, Morocco

RÉSUMÉ : Ce travail de recherche porte sur la gestion des téléconseillers dans les centres d'appels marocains, un domaine qui connait une croissance accrue depuis plus de vingt ans, influencé par la mondialisation et la sous-traitance à l'échelle internationale (Nyobe, 2011; Sadik, 2021). L'objectif de ce mémoire est d'examiner les méthodes managériales mises en œuvre en direction des téléconseillers : leurs effets sur le bien-être, la fidélisation des employés et la productivité professionnelle. Les sujets étudiés englobent aussi bien les aspects organisationnels (structuration du travail selon Taylor, rôle de l'administrateur et du surveillant, styles de leadership) qu'humains (diversité culturelle, implication des travailleurs immigrés, glottophobie et ajustement identitaire). Le mémoire souligne également l'importance stratégique des centres d'appel pour l'économie du Maroc et leur fonction dans l'intégration …