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Keywords: États-Unis, Constitution, conspiration, révolution, extrême droite, XVIIIe siècle, XIXe siècle

AbstractThis article explores how identity and otherness function together within the ethnic consumption market in France, as far as commercial interactions are concerned. It is based on extensive fieldwork carried out in the Poitou-Charentes region with migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa. My objective is twofold: first, to emphasize the necessity of rejecting essentialist definitions of ethnicity. The second is to explore how African merchants work with ideas of otherness and reinterpret certain cultural meanings, according to the definition of the situation and ongoing social relations. From a comparative analysis of three situational areas (itinerant, African and festival markets), I will try to shed light on the variation of identity strategies I have observed, as well as the issues and constraints they involve.

Keywords: Commerçants originaires d'Afrique subsaharienne, France, construction sociale de l'altérité, situation, interactions, stratégies, Sub-Saharan African merchants, France, social construction of otherness, situation, interactions, strategies

SummaryThe effect of immigrants' national origin on their economic insertion, a fundamental dimension of their establishment, is studied at three different points in their trajectory : after six months, after a year and a half, and at the end of their tenth year of stay. Data is taken from the Establishment of New Immigrants Survey, which followed, throughout a ten year period, a sample of the cohort that arrived in the Greater Montreal region in 1989. The analysis shows the evolution of the effect of national origin, controlling for elements of human capital and conditions of migration, on socio-economic status and income through time: this effect was very strong at the beginning of their establishment, but after ten years, it disappears for some groups of national origin and not for others. Three sets of hypotheses, which can be further tested in dynamic analyses, are proposed to account for these findings: discrimination, the adaptation of immigrants, and the adaptation of society.

AbstractLocating the gendered anthropological subject at the intersection of the global and the local, the author deals with the installation of maquiladoras in the Northern region of Yucatan, Mexico. This process is one of the dimensions taken by globalization in the region. Multinational capital is clearly in search of the cheapest possible labour and the article examines the dynamics of the devaluation of Yucatec Mayan labour. The data, processed within a political economy framework, show that the economic restructuration rests, at a local level, on historically constructed differences in terms of gender, ethnicity and generations. The specific combination of these three factors gives the process of globalization in Yucatan its unique pace. In spite of the fact that ethnic discrimination and the generation gap are important factors in the devaluation of labour in this region, gender inequalities, consolidated and revitalized by the patriarchal state are the most important factor.

Keywords: Labrecque, économie politique, maquiladora, État, Yucatan, Maya, genre, ethnicité, générations, Mexique, Labrecque, political economy, maquiladora, state, Yucatan, Maya, gender, ethnicity, generations, Mexico

AbstractIn this paper we are interested in the identification and the dating of the turning points of the economic activity in Tunisia, by using the Markov switching approach innovated by Hamilton (1989) for the analysis of the business cycles. We identify the changes of regimes in the stochastic process of the economic growth, by using monthly data relating to the growth of the industrial production covering the period 1994-2004. We base our research on the smoothing probabilities determined by estimating the model of two states Markov switching regimes. The results obtained enable us to identify seven turning points during this period. And, using this approach of two states, we can detect the recession of september 2001.

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in personnel recruiting and selection practices is proving to be an innovative way to promote the inclusive hiring of diversified personnel. AI would allow organizations to free themselves of certain subconscious biases that are likely to affect the staffing process, since it is based on objective decision-making. This article focuses on the perception of human resources management professionals (HRMPs) regarding the use of AI systems and inclusive personnel hiring practices, taking into consideration managing equity, diversity and inclusion in workplaces. Drawing on qualitative data (17 participants in three focus groups), this article is based on research conducted among HRMPs in Quebec. The results show that several barriers to recruiting and selecting diversified personnel persist within organizations, including gender predominance in certain sectors and the absence of an inclusive organizational culture. While AI can be useful and facilitative in the process, particularly for processing a large number of applications, professional judgment is still recommended to move towards an inclusive hiring process and workforce diversification. The still timid use of AI systems is based on fears and some mistrust, and the biases that it is also likely to generate. The results therefore confirm the gap between the use of AI tools in HRM practices and the state of scientific knowledge.

Keywords: Intelligence artificielle (IA), diversité, recrutement, sélection, dotation