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From the poet described by Ibn Khaldoun and dramatized by Mouloud Mammeri to the man of “breath”, “respir” and “assefrou”, whether it is discussing Jean Amrouche or Kateb Yacine, this article finds the common energy in the poems, a voice that nothing can obscure or imitate, a gesture that makes sense of the world while giving it a place outside the realm of the sensible. In this rapid journey, using this poetic discourse as momentum that places the poem, voice and body in the world, Mohammed Dib’s influence is obvious when Djamila Amrane and Jean Sénac add their voices to all those who haunt his ancestral tales.

Keywords: poétique, poètes algériens, oraliture, voix de femmes, contes

Given the increasing number of immigrant students in schools, the purpose of this study is to examine how they perceive their relationships with their teachers and their teachers' attitudes towards them. Data was collected from 819 students in eight Quebec high schools. Results show that 2nd generation students perceive their relationships with their teachers as less warm, while 1st generation students perceive higher expectations of success and more negative feedback compared to their peers of 3rd generation or more. Students of Haitian descent report less warm interactions with their teachers than students of 3rd generation or more. Also, 1st generation Haitian students perceive more expectations of success than 2nd generation Haitian students. The implications of these findings for practice and research are discussed.

Keywords: relation élèves-enseignants, student-teacher relationship, attitudes des enseignants, teacher attitudes, perceptions des élèves, student perceptions, immigration, immigration

As events contributing to the distinction of territories in the competition that they are engaged to retain their inhabitants and attract visitors, fairs and festivals are the object of an attention of the researchers only since about twenty years. Following the example of other populations of the countries of the South, villagers of Kabylia try to revitalize the local development following the failure of the public policies. But to what extent? Are these efforts fruitful? After examination, it appears that if all the aimed objectives are not reached, these initiatives contributed to increase the available resources for the development of the concerned regions.

Keywords: Fiestas, Fairs, Fêtes, festivals, festivals, festivales, développement local, local development, desarrollo local, Kabylie, Cabilia, Kabylia

Barter has been commonly portrayed as a dangerous element in international relations. Barter is portrayed in much of the literature as a cyclical phenomenon which flourishes with economic depression and fades away with prosperity. It is also said by many critics that barter should be considered a destructive economic practice. Finally, great emphasis is placed on the geopolitical importance of barter. In particular, barter is associated with the aggressive economic statecraft practiced by Nazi Germany in the 1930s.This article attempts to look more closely at the assumptions of the critics of modem barter. The author concludes that there are fundamental differences between the 1930s and the 1980s. Barter in the 1980s appears not to point towards a destructive past but a dynamic and complex future.

The use of the language spoken by young people from French sensitive urban areas is considered a major stylistic feature of banlieue literature. Hence, studying the translation of Beur novels also implies studying this linguistic variety. This case study considers lexical items used by youth from the French banlieue in the novel Kiffe kiffe demain by Faïza Guène in its Arabic, Dutch and Spanish translations. Specifically, the strategies used to translate 62 passages that include 21 words belonging to the youth language of the banlieue will be examined. Our research shows that even though there is a great variety of strategies applied by the translators in the three languages, the general tendency is to standardize these specific lexical items by using either formal, informal or neutral equivalents. Surprisingly, sociolinguistic equivalence is not a common translation choice. Non-translation is a common strategy retained for dealing with almost exclusively the Arabic words. Arabic and Spanish translators do not resort to additions whereas the Dutch translator does. Finally, we did not find much consistency in the linguistic procedures studied and the strategies used to translate them.

Keywords: romans beurs, langue des jeunes des cités, traduction, Faïza Guène, arabe, néerlandais, espagnol, beur fiction, urban youth slang, translation, Faïza Guène, Arabic, Dutch, Spanish

This research examines the benefits of environmental management in terms of innovation capacity and competitive advantage in the case of Tunisian companies. An empirical investigation was conducted among 108 Tunisian companies engaged in the environmental field. The results indicate that green practices allow the development of innovative capacity. The latter did not, however, impact significatively the competitive advantage of Tunisian companies.

Keywords: avantage concurrentiel, capacité d'innovation, entreprises tunisiennes, management environnemental, competitive advantage, innovation capacity, Tunisian companies, environmental management, ventaja competitiva, capacidad de innovación, empresas tunecinas, gestión ambiental

This paper analyzes the relationship between foreign ownership, investment and firms performance in a Sub-Saharan context, based on a sample of 168 Cameroonian firms in the period 2007-2009. To control for the endogeneity issue revealed by our analysis, we estimate a simultaneous equations model that is known to give more robust results than usual models. We find that foreign ownership has a negative effect on firm's assets return, while positively related to investment. However, the results show a non-linear relationship: when foreign equity is above 25%, foreign ownership is positively related to assets return, and negatively related to investment.

Keywords: Propriété étrangère, Investissement, Performance financière, Foreign ownership, Investment, Financial performance, Propiedad extranjera, inversión, rendimiento financiero

According to the United Nations, 68% of the global population will live in an urban environment by 2050. Consequently, local authorities are more and more called upon in matters related to human rights and international human rights standards. Such state of affairs coincides with a global movement towards the decentralisation of the responsibilities of central governments and of the attrition of consequent resources. The movement for human rights in the city emerged in such context and nowadays shows a strong level of institutionalisation. It raises the issue of the accountability of local authorities at the international level in matters related to human rights in the city. Despite the uncontested principle of the central and exclusive responsibility of states in international law in general, is it possible to attribute a certain level of accountability to local authorities in regard of international human rights law? In 2015, the UN Human Rights Council adopted a Report where it suggests principles in order to address this issue. The Council suggests that local authorities at least share with central governments a duty to coordinate efforts, policies and strategies aimed at promoting and protecting human rights. To this end, the Council strongly recommends constitutional arrangements. This article proposes an empirical assessment of the reception by UN human rights bodies of such proposal. In order to do so, it examined the assessment by those bodies of national human rights implementation processes: general and final observations following states' reports are considered in the case of treaty monitoring and Universal Periodic Review (UPR) is looked upon in the case of the Human Rights Council. In addition, the input of some NGOs is also analysed. In total, over 1 000 documents were identified with the help of keywords for the period 2009-2018. The data analysis brings us to conclude that the political and institutional movement for human rights in the city and the evaluative work done by the UN human rights bodies behave largely like ships passing through the night. The 2015 Human Rights Council is largely ignored by the latest. At best, they will invite states to consider a more effective multilevel coordinating effort at the domestic level, hereby timidly echoing the Report. This conclusion, although it falls in line with the theory of international public law, bare some nuances in the case of certain rights such as economic and social rights where the work of both the Committee on economic, social and cultural rights and the Committee on the rights of children offer interesting openings. For its part, the Human Rights Council is content with a recall of the conclusions of its 2015 Report. Coordination is the key concept when comes the time to examine the consequences for human rights implementation of urbanisation. Lastly, NGOs, much to our surprise, does not play a spear-heading role in front of UN human rights bodies when comes the time to conceptualise the distribution of responsibilities between different level of national authorities in a time of intense urbanisation. In conclusion, our analysis shows a thick sealing between the political and normative work of UN human rights bodies. It seems convenient, against all realities, to perpetuate in an almost simplistic way the subordinated role of local authorities in regard of the theory of international public law. Such conclusion may reassure international law experts. But in a world where some meta cities work with other meta cities more than with the states on which they depend, it may not be the end of the story.