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There seems to be some skepticism over entrepreneurship capacity to stimulate a virtuous and sustainable growth in developing economies, particularly in French-speaking Africa, where the spirit of enterprise is said to be less lively. One explanation may be the relative lack of knowledge of entrepreneurship specificity in French-speaking Africa. The objective of this article is to study the relevance of support systems based on insufficiently detailed characteristics of these ecosystems. Thus, improving knowledge of the conditions under which successful African VSEs/SMEs operate and the types of challenges, opportunities, resources and networks within their contexts is necessary to advance entrepreneurship support. Through experiments already carried out, the comparative analysis of two contrasting cases sheds light on the relevant practices to circumvent the obstacles and on strengthening resilience capacities, without increasing vulnerability. The results highlight the dynamics of innovation of business models based on local resources that are complementary to financial and technological resources, and the importance of a territorial approach that is more focused on concerns of resilience than growth.

Keywords: Sustainable development, Développement durable, Africa, Afrique, entrepreneurship, entrepreneuriat, economy, économie

Best known for her 2016 suspense novel, Chanson douce, Leïla Slimani first attracted attention for her novel about a female sex addict, Dans le jardin de l’ogre. Having realized that women never figure in media accounts of sexual addiction, she immersed herself in Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina, François Mauriac’s Thérèse Desqueyroux, Joseph Kessel’s Belle de jour, and Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary. Reviewers of Dans le jardin de l’ogre often mention the latter in passing, and Slimani herself has identified Emma as one of her favorite heroines, but thus far there has been only one scholarly study that deals with specific connections between the two novels. While they seem unlikely bedfellows on the surface—Flaubert’s text is a traditional nineteenth-century roman de formation that unfolds in linear fashion, while Slimani’s is decidedly modern in subject and in its slippage back and forth in time—a close reading reveals numerous uncanny similarities in narrative technique, characterization, themes, and motifs. It is hard to imagine a more promising pairing to test Julia Kristeva’s theory that “tout texte se construit comme mosaïque de citations, tout texte est absorption et transformation d’un autre texte” (85). This study shows that Dans le jardin de l’ogre is one of those mosaics that has “absorbed” many of Madame Bovary’s salient features and “transformed” them into something quite modern and distinctive.

Islamic insurance, or takaful by another name, is the outcome of a combination of religion, ethics and law. Islamic insurers aim to provide a financial assistance to needy people essentially in order to satisfy Allah who commands that the members of Muslim communities help each other in any circumstances. They therefore rely on models of contracts which are in conformity with the tenets of Islam and they have to make sure that they do not lay themselves open to the accusations of gharar (uncertainty), maysir (gambling) and riba (usury/interest) which are against the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. The first takaful company was established in 1979 and about 180 Islamic insurers are thriving in more than 35 countries nowadays, so that a few conventional insurers are beginning to consider their development with some awe.

AbstractWoman 's Face. Between Shari'a and CustomsIn Algeria as in ail islamized societies, the conflict between modernists and fundamentalists hides another important conflict between fundamentalism and local customs. The debate about womens' veiled appearance proves it. We are attempting here to show that propagation of the fundamentalist veil manifests both an attack against maghrebian customs and against the maliki school, which for centuries has conciliated literal meaning of the religious law with local norms, litteracy and oral knowledge.Key words : Benkheira, islam, man-woman relationship, tradition, honor, fundamentalism, body

Background. Use of performance-enhancing drugs by young adults is a growing concern in public health, particularly for academic and sport organizations, postsecondary institutions and health authorities.Methods. A sample of 469 students between 18 and 24 years of age completed a survey on use of alcohol, tobacco and doping products and motivations for these practices. Multiple logistic regressions have been used to study associations between use of these products and socio-economic and academic variables.Results. Three quarters of students had consumed at least one doping product in the last year, other that alcohol, to improve physical or intellectual performance. This includes cannabis (25,0%), energy drinks (38,0%), protein and creatine supplements (22,0 %) and caffeine pills (13,0%). Findings demonstrate that students participating in league sports are more likely to consume alcohol and cannabis than students not in a league sport. Associations exist between ethnolinguistic group and use of alcohol, caffeine pills, energy drinks, as well as alcohol and energy drink mixes and alcohol and drug mixes. Most common motivations for use of these products are to reduce stress and stay awake.Conclusion. Prevention strategies are needed, targeting students according to ethnolinguistic origins, as practices differ among the diverse student populations in Canadian universities.

Keywords: performance intellectuelle et physique, alcool, tabac et drogues, boisson énergisante, minorité linguistique, ligue de sport, étudiants postsecondaires, intellectual and physical performance, substance use, linguistic minority, league sports, postsecondary students, rendimiento intelectual y físico, alcohol, tabaco y drogas, bebidas energizantes, minoría lingüística, liga de deportes, estudiantes postsecundarios

This paper discusses educational issues and challenges in a multiethnic and disadvantaged urban environment. The authors address the question from the perspective of parents of pupils of Haitian descent and community pratitioners working with the children's school. The qualitative research data presented analyses these actors' perspectives not only regarding factors supporting school resiliency, but also with regarding aspects of family life that must be understood and taken into account to better support parents and children. Both parents and practitioners emphasize the effects of the migration journey on parenting and the intertwined relationship between the family's migration project and the child's school project.

Keywords: École, parent d'élève d'origine haïtienne, intervenant communautaire, projet migratoire familial, résilience scolaire, School, parents of pupils of Haitian descent, community stakeholders, family migration project, academic resilience

Could imams, without compromising their faith, promote gender equity in a poor community of Mumbai, India and, if so, under what conditions ? The authors tease this basic question in this article. Considering Islam as a discursive tradition and using a mixed, qualitative and quantitative method, we discuss the scope and limitations of the Imams' involvement in a participatory action research, as one of the components of a broader research program on sexual health and risky sexual behavior in poor Mumbai neighborhoods, where the preliminary results of the research phase highlight the importance of gender equity. During the action phase, these results were submitted to the Imams who have also identified with the researchers extracts from the canonical texts of Islam compatible with these results. The messages resulting from this collaboration were transmitted by the Imams to the community through various channels, mainly Friday sermons gathering several thousands of Muslim men. The article points out that while Imams have transformed some of their misogynistic knowledge and attitudes (domestic violence ; marital sex for the exclusive satisfaction of husbands) as a result of their involvement in participatory action research, other elements strongly rooted in local culture remain reluctant to change. It is unclear whether this reluctance is reflected in the community Muslim women in terms of subordination or resistance.

Keywords: Mekki-Berrada, Schensul, islam, Inde, imams, femmes, équité de genre, recherche-action participative, Mekki-Berrada, Schensul, Islam, India, Imams, Women, Gender Equity, Participatory Action Research, Mekki-Berrada, Schensul, islam, India, imanes, mujeres, equidad de género, investigación-acción-participativa

In this paper, the author examines the return of kings to the public arena in Benin. Indeed, since the very beginning of colonization, the pre-colonial kingdoms have been under the watchful eyes of the rulers who, by making them heritage, lay claim to their power. The author sets out the idea that the king, as a representation of pre-colonial authority builds himself up through images of power, which nourish democratization and the processes of decentralization in contemporary Benin. Thus, she looks closely at Louis Marin's concept of representation as power through a few portraits of kings, who emerged after the National conference discussing it in the context of Claude Lefort's theory of the locus of power in democracy as an empty space.

Keywords: Tall, royauté, patrimoine, démocratie, représentation, pouvoir, Bénin, Tall, Kingship, Heritage, Democracy, Representation, Power, Benin, Tall, realeza, patrimonio, democracia, representación, poder, Benín