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The use of benomyl and thiabendazole (chemical family of the benzimidazoles), and of azoxystrobine and pyrimethanil shows that, in vitro as much as in vivo, these fungicides are slightly to moderately effective against the following pathogens: Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium oxysporum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Monilia fructigina, Cryptosporiopsis malicorticis, Spilocaea pomi and Trichothecium roseum. In vitro, calcium chloride used at more than 4% is tolerated by these pathogens. In vivo and at low temperature, calcium chloride is effective at 4 to 6%. The association of these fungicides with calcium chloride (4%) allows a better control of apple rot in conservation. Calcium chloride appears to intervene by reinforcing the bonds with the principal sites of action of fungicides of the pathogenic agent tested.

Keywords: Benzimidazoles, champignons pathogènes, chlorure de calcium, fongicides, pourriture des pommes, Apple rot, benzimidazoles, calcium chloride, fungicides, pathogenic fungi

Embryos and larva of bivalves are used frequently as sentinel organisms in ecotoxicological bioassays for the evaluation of seawater quality. Indeed, they are very sensitive to pollutants and provide a fast response. The embryo toxicity bioassay with the bivalve mollusc Crassostrea gigas was used to evaluate toxicity of three metals (mercury, copper, cadmium) and three effluents emanating from Moroccan industries which discharge directly on the Atlantic coast near Casablanca (electrochemical and mixed industrial waste waters) and on the El Jadida coast (phosphate treatment waste water). After 24-h exposures to the various media, the effects, expressed as CE50 values (effective concentrations affecting 50% of the test population), were compared. The results of the tests show that mercury is the most toxic metal (CE50 = 4.4 µg Hg∙L-1) followed by copper (CE50 = 16.4 µg Cu∙L-1) and finally cadmium (CE50 = 46.9 µg Cd∙L-1). The effects of the industrial wastewaters, tested with increasing dilutions, indicate a strong risk of seawater quality deterioration, especially in the discharge zones with CE50 values corresponding to effluent concentrations of less than 1%. The effluents decreased in toxicity according to the following order: electrochemical effluent > mixed industrial effluent > phosphate treatment effluent. This study demonstrated the usefulness of oyster embryos and larvae as a sensitive tool for assessing environmental quality.

Keywords: Embryotoxicité, bio-essai, Crassostrea gigas, métaux, rejets industriels, Embryo toxicity, bioassay, Crassostrea gigas, metals, industrial wastewaters

The debate on the impact of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) on public health was brought back to the fore by the communication from India and South Africa to temporarily lift members' intellectual property commitments to enable WTO members to fight COVID-19. The involvement of African countries in the negotiation process to ensure better access to medicines dates back to the early 2000s and even to the Seattle Ministerial Conference. It is motivated by the demographic and health challenges facing African countries. Yet, despite some symbolic victories at the WTO, public health and intellectual property seem difficult to reconcile, as the recent Ministerial decision on TRIPS attests. Furthermore, while the proactive role of African countries at the WTO is in line with the African Union's Agenda 2063, at the regional level ambiguities remain. These seem to have a damaging effect on public health in some regions. However, as Africa is a continent of many contrasts, a solution could also emerge with the Pharma Initiative. Such a prospect is highly dependent on the harmonization of public health promotion and intellectual property policies on the continent. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyze the change in strategy deployed by African countries at the WTO in order to promote public health concerns within the framework of the TRIPS Agreement, and then to assess the coherence of the policy of African countries at the regional and then continental levels. To do this, the method adopted consists of comparing the different approaches that African countries are deploying at the multilateral, regional and then continental levels in order to highlight their coherence, limitations and prospects. This method has shown that despite a proactive role at the multilateral level, African countries are struggling to coordinate and harmonize their regional policies in order to take advantage of the flexibility offered by TRIPS. The existence of such ambiguities would be likely to hamper initiatives deployed at the continental level.

In « Exil et création » (1991), Laâbi had already considered the relationship between exile and creation from a metaphorical angle, which extends well beyond the concrete, material situation of exile, the latter being inseparable from the body and the world we live, or he lives, in. This abolition of exile corresponds to the elaboration of a poetics and a specific conceptualization of time and space. The interchangeability of places and the disappearance of chronology, in favour of a dynamic and creative work of memory that revives the past and creates the future, is what presides over the writing of Le Livre imprévu (2010). This book mutates and meanders, in its quest for form and truth. It in turns takes on different forms and rhythms : a diary, an exchange of letters, a poetic-philosophical meditation about the here and the elsewhere, the past and the future.

Keywords: exil, création, labyrinthe, géopoétique, nomadisme

Our study, based on the ADDIE model, aims to analyze the needs of Moroccan students for integrating hybrid learning into their educational process. An online survey was conducted to gather a broad range of responses. The results reveal differences according to specialties (humanities, sciences and technologies, and management) and confirm the initial hypotheses. Statistical correlations show links between student characteristics and their level of digital skills. These findings suggest adopting a differentiated pedagogy in hybrid teaching, based on the use of learning platforms, to better meet learners' needs.

Keywords: analyse des besoins, différenciation, enseignement supérieur, étudiants marocains, hybridation pédagogique, differentiation, higher education, hybridization, Moroccan students, needs analysis, análise das necessidades, diferenciação, ensino híbrido, ensino superior, estudantes marroquinos