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We propose a method of analysis of formal, non-formal and informal educations as a way of reading territorial development processes. We position the transmission of knowledge as an issue of power, and consider the institution as a powerful legitimator of selection of knowledge on the territories. In rural areas, environmental knowledge occupies a central position, but there is a change of model, between environmental education, current education injunctions for sustainable development, and positioning of science. We propose to examine in this light the case of eco-oriented UNESCO schemes. We have compiled a database of 113 European Geoparks and then targeted three of these geoparks on both sides of the Mediterranean Sea (France-Spain-Morocco) to study the systems of transmission of knowledge, including in their conflicting dimension. The results show, on the one hand, a strong discrepancy between the curricular intentions of UNESCO Global Geoparks program, centered on values ​​and practices of sustainable development, and local curricula, which are more centered on naturalistic sciences and local identity. We show that knowledge flows and actors' games are essentially "top down" with a reduction and an instrumentalisation of vernacular knowledge.

The objective of this study consisted of testing the potential of a sand filter to decrease the organic pollutants in olive mill wastewater (OMW) diluted to 50% with domestic wastewater, and to polish the treatment by using a mixture of aquatic plants: Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and Arundo donax. The experimental pilot consists of a sand filter followed by a planted system. The sand filter is filled with 50 cm of sand and 10 cm of gravel at the top and the bottom of the filter. The feed (4 cm•j‑1) is done sequentially according to a one-day wet / three days dry cycle. In order to activate the degradation processes in the sand filter, OMW are diluted to 50% with domestic wastewater. The second step of the treatment consists of a tank (1x1x1 m3) filled with 20 cm of gravel and 60 cm of soil planted with a mixture of aquatic plants at a density of 8 young plants•m‑2 for each plant and irrigated two times in the week by 20 L of pre-filtered OMW.The results show that the sand filter ensures a neutralization of the OMW pH, which passes from 4.79 to 7.68. The enrichment of the sand by the micro-organisms ensures an important mineralization of the organic matter. After ten weeks of operation of this system without clogging sign, the rate of abatement of the TSS, total COD, dissolved COD and phenolic compounds was about 70%, 79%, 76% and 81% respectively. Completion of the treatment by the mixture of three plants shows an increase in the pH, electric conductivity and a significant elimination of the total COD (99,7%), dissolved COD (99,5%), TSS (94%) and polyphenols (95%).With regard to OMW treatment efficiency, the treatment of the OMW by the combination of two systems (sand filter and planted system) results in a significant removal of the organic load of the OMW.

Keywords: margines, filtre à sable, lit planté, matière organique, composés phénoliques, olive mill wastewater, sand filter, aquatic plants, organic matter, phenolic compounds

This research studies the audiovisual public service media's missions and the control national regulators exert within the national frameworks of 18 Europeans, Africans and Middle Eastern members of the French-speaking association of media regulators, using data collected in 2019 from each country's regulatory bodies. On the one hand, it provides an overview of the missions assigned to the public service media and their difficulties in ensuring them. On the other hand, it addresses the regulation that is applied to these public service media through the prism of control methods and the relationships that regulators and the media maintain.

Keywords: service public, audiovisuel, régulation, REFRAM, public service, audio-visual, regulation, REFRAM

RÉSUMÉ : Les risques psychosociaux constituent une préoccupation majeure pour les employés des centres d'appels au Maroc, un secteur caractérisé par des conditions de travail intensives et exigeantes. Cette étude a pour objectif d'évaluer les niveaux de stress, l'autonomie décisionnelle et le soutien social parmi ces employés, en utilisant le questionnaire Karasek. Les sujets étudiés sont des employés actuels ou anciens de centres d'appels au Maroc, ayant un minimum de trois mois d'expérience dans ce secteur et une maîtrise de la langue française. L'échantillon final comprend 55 participants. Les hypothèses de travail explorent les corrélations entre les demandes psychologiques, la latitude décisionnelle et le soutien social, en postulant que ces dimensions influencent significativement le stress des employés. Une approche quantitative a été adoptée, avec des …

RÉSUMÉ : Ce mémoire vise à explorer le rôle de la solidarité communautaire dans la gestion de crise au Maroc, à travers le prisme de l'entrepreneuriat social, en prenant pour cas d'étude le séisme d'Al Haouz survenu en 2023. Partant du constat d'un vide théorique concernant la contextualisation des pratiques d'entrepreneuriat social dans les pays du sud, notamment dans les situations d'urgence, cette recherche ambitionne de démontrer comment des formes de solidarité ancrées culturellement peuvent constituer des leviers d'action efficaces et pérennes en période de crise. La recherche repose sur une approche qualitative à travers une posture épistémologique constructiviste pragmatique, en mobilisant deux principales méthodes de collecte : l'autopraxéographie ; nourrie par l'expérience personnelle de la chercheuse, et l'analyse d'un corpus de données médiatiques composé …

The department of Saraya has been confronted with erosion for the last two decades. Despite the anti-erosion strategies (dykes, stone barriers, hedgerows, bunds, trenches, regeneration of vegetation cover, mulching) put in place by the local people and the local authorities, erosion is becoming increasingly worrying in this locality. This natural hazard constitutes a major environmental problem and threatens economic activities. This study assessed the potential risk of erosion by modelling the factors R, K, LS, C and P. The integration of the model into a Geographic information system (GIS) facilitated the elaboration of thematic maps (topography, rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility and land use) to assess the risk of erosion and to map the vulnerable areas and those less sensitive to this hazard. Coupling the GIS with the revised universal soil loss equation allowed the estimation of the impacts of groundwater runoff. Soil losses range from 0.01 t/ha/yr to 134.64 t/ha/yr, with an average of 33,46 t/ha/yr and a standard deviation of 57.29. The GIS/RUSLE approach helps decision-makers and planners to develop scenarios of soil degradation and to plan anti-erosion strategies in areas where erosion is predominant.

Keywords: érosion hydrique, érosivité, érodibilité, modèle, cartographie, water erosion, erosivity, erodibility, model, cartography

An ancient institution, the kafala, is an important means of protection for the child deprived of a family, which has been implemented in different ways in Islamic countries. Unprecedented in Quebec, this particular institution concerns professionals, lawyers and legal experts as to its exact nature, effects and consequences. It has thus been frequently used as a convenient expedient towards the adoption, by an individual domiciled in the Province, of a Muslim child whose personal status law prohibits adoption. The introduction of kafala challenges the contemporary methodology of conflicts of laws in its capacity to accommodate institutions that are either little known or unknown. With its legal essence that is difficult to grasp, the kafala is usually deemed too original to be integrated in the “adoption” category. Does that really mean we should persist in disregarding its essentiality? The author precisely tries to demonstrate the opposite. Contradictory responses from Quebec law governing international adoptions, divided between an attitude of withdrawal and will for generous opening, suggest a more liberal evolution of private international law rules when challenged with cultural pluralism.

Keywords: Adoption, kafala, reconnaissance de filiation, enfants de statut musulman, droit international privé québécois, droit musulman, conflit de cultures, Adoption and its surrogates, kafala, establishment of filiation, acknowledgement of filiation, Muslim child, Quebec private international law, Islamic law, cultural conflicts

This article analyses the impact of the culture in society, on hierarchical and mana-gerial attitudes in middle and small Moroccan enterprises. First, we started by an epitome of the literature which leads us to a first selection of relevant values and attitudes to Moroccan context. Then a qualitative investigation was undertaken with a panel of managers (hierarchical responsables) in charge of industrial enterprises in Morocco.The result of this study shows that culture is a useful way of understanding the management situation in a company. However, it remains inadequate to have a full understanding of the reality of the staff's attitude at work and social relations in a firm. Other contextual variables are needed, among them, those about the level of lack of job security are highlighted.This article shows also how cultural considerations are activated by the management in Morocco, allowing to a few of them to assume power, and to others, to behave in a way to overcome obstacles from cultural origins.

Keywords: Pratiques managériales, Culture sociétale, Entreprises marocaines, Attitudes au travail, Valeurs culturelles, Représentations culturelles, Hiérarchie, Pouvoir, Paternalisme

This article examines the role that a researcher in religious studies, with a background in law, might play today in the public domain where the question of the establishment of Islamic tribunals in Canada is being discussed. This research is based on facts and arguments presented in a series of articles published between 2003-2005 in La Presse and Le Devoir, two Québécois newspapers. The analysis of the content of these articles leads to a better understanding of this debate and allows the reader to more adequately assess the influence which legal concerns exert upon that debate. In search of a possible solution, the author insists on the dynamic and changing character of Islamic religious law which may be adapted to very different contexts, drawing new insights from them.