Search Results

ABSTRACTThis paper presents fiscal decentralization points with its strengths and weaknesses and identifies conditions for success. This is done for developing countries, using information on Argentina, China, Columbia, India, Indonesia, Morocco, Pakistan and Tunisia. It is divided into three parts. The first presents the relevant concepts, the second examines some quantitative indicators and the third evaluates the conditions required for successful decentralization.

The carp pond in semi-arid climate showed an excessive developpment of Cyanobacteria in summer. The high diminution of silver carp specific growth rate was probably depending on the presence of this phytoplanktonic group and a part of energy was used for the fabrication of gametes. The specific growth rate in the end of work period was - 0.38%/j.The N/P ratio could not be used as indicator of algae composition. Nitrogenous fertilizers applied many times, high concentration of dissolved oxygen and presence of silver carp have not limited the proliferation of Cyanobacteria in ponds. The only mecanic agitation of water was the solution to decrease them.

Keywords: Polyculture, cyanobactéries, croissance, avènement sexuel, fertilisants, carpe argentée, Cyanobacteria, specific growth rate, fertilizers, silver carp

With Le romancier fictif, André Belleau developed a framework for thought that helps us understand the ways in which literature, in the Quebec context, puts the writer's figure on stage. This article starts from the interpretative possibilities outlined by Belleau himself in order to study the small number of essays in Surprendre les voix in which the essayist provides his own self-representation. Rather than succumb to the dissociation frequently imposed on fictitious writers by the “conflict of codes” characteristic of Quebec's literary institution, the Belleau of the mimetic essays is able to handle the twofold demand to be both scholarly and popular. The result is a hybrid, Silenic being who finds in the carnival tradition a form of representation that can counterbalance the heights of essayistic thinking.

The Mitidja watershed (1 300 km2), located in northern Algeria, has experienced a drought in the late 20th century. The purpose of this work is to characterize this episode and determine its spatial extension in the watershed through the study of rainfall data measured at eight stations. The analysis of the long rainfall series of the Hamiz dam reference station (1905-2010) using several statistical tests (Mann-Kendall, Pettitt, Buishand U, and the Bayesian procedure of Lee and Heghinian) revealed that this episode of drought occurred between 1973 and 2001 and caused a decrease in annual rainfall varying between 16% and 24% in the watershed. After this period of drought, a wet period settled in the Mitidja, causing annual rainfall to increase by 31.4%, particularly at the Réghaïa station.

Keywords: Mitidja, variabilité pluviométrique, sécheresse, tendance, rupture, analyse statistique, Mitidja, rainfall variability, drought, trend, break-point, statistical analysis

The water quality in Moroccan rivers and streams becomes more and more injured because of the important amount of pollutants discharged in these aquatic ecosystems without any treatment in the most cases. A physical, chemical and microbiological analyses are regularly done by public institutions (office national des eaux potables, direction de l'hydrolique). However, these analyses become insufficient facing the big diversity of chemicals and the intermittence of pollution sources at the time. So, methods using a biotic indicators as a complement of the chemical analyses become a requirement in the water quality assessment. In the present study, besides the physical and chemical analyses, we have tested the use of benthic diatoms as indicators of the oued Hassar water quality and diatom indices as a tool for the evaluation of this quality.Oued Hassar is a canalized stream situated on the valley of oued Mellah river. It drains a part of the Berrechid groundwater as sources. Its main source (station SC) is situated to 3 km in the Northeast of Mediouna (155 m). Along this water course, in sections of various degrees of water pollution, six sites (SC, SB, HP, OM, SH and CA) were sampled on four different dates (august 1997 and january, june and august 1998). The station OM belongs to oued Mouileh stream which is a unique tributary of oued Hassar. The main source of pollution; the wastewater effluent of Médiouna agglomeration entered the stream between The oued Hassar source and the station SB (Sidi Brahim). This region has a Mediterranean semi-aride bioclimate. The influence of the ocean results in a summer temperatures generally varying between 25 and 30°C and winter temperatures varying between 12 and 19°C.The physical and chemical analysis data of the oued Hassar waters show particularly elevated values of water conductivity essentially due to the high contents in chlorides. These values were understood between a minimal value recorded at station SH in August 1998 (3470 mS.cm-1) and a maximal value signalled at station OM in January of the same year (7210 mS.cm-1). Concentrations in sulphates vary according to stations. The most elevated values were recorded in january 1998 at stations SC and OM (231 and 218 mg.l-1 respectively). The hardness values are very important especially at the source of oued Hassar (SC) where the concentration reaches 25,2 meq.l-1. This excessive mineralization of waters, particularly at stations SC and OM, is essentially due to the Permo-triasique saliferous sedimentary layers which crop out in the area.The oued Hassar stream receives, to 100 ms downstream the station SC, the wastewater effluent of Médiouna agglomeration, highly loaded with organic matters, ammonia, orthophosphates and suspended matters. The impact of this effluent results on the elevated values of these parameters downstream the wastewater input (SB). On January 1998 (rainy period), the important contents in orthophosphates and sulphates recorded at all stations were essentially due to the high amounts of superphosphates and ammonia sulphates used as amendment of the cultivated lands situated a long the sides of oued Hassar stream.Outside of this period, contents in orthophosphates and ammonia at stations SC and OM are very low. However, the elevated content in nitrates at the oued Hassar's source (maximal value: 93,3 mg.l-1) gives an idea on the deterioration of the groundwater quality.To put in evidence the evolution of the global organic pollution of waters, the "Indice de Pollution Organique" (IPO) have been calculated. The exam of this index shows that the wastewater effluent constitutes the main source of pollution. Indeed, water quality goes from a mean pollution state (3,88 ± 0,14) at the oued Hassar's source to a very strong pollution state (1,96 ± 0,31) at the station SB. Downstream the swampy zone, at the station HP, the water quality of oued Hassar improves remarkably (3,50 ± 0,74) due to the auto-purification phenomenon and the dilution of these waters by those coming from the secondary sources situated between stations SB and HP. At the stations SH and CA, the IPO mean values (3,50 ± 0,79 and 3,75 ± 0,41 respectively) show that the water quality remains rather identical as at the station HP.Concerning the survey of epilithic diatoms, 61 species and varieties of diatoms have been inventoried. These taxa are bound especially to the salinity (Amphora coffeaeformis, Fragilaria fasciculata, Fragilaria pulchella, Pleurosira laevis,…) and to the organic load (Gomphonema parvulum, Navicula subminuscula, Nitzschia palea,…). In the most collected samples, particularly at the stations SB, SH and CA, diatom communities are essentially dominated by N. palea and the complex N. inconspicua / N. frustulum. At the station SB, the relative abundance of N. palea reaches 71% in august 1997 and august 1998, and goes beyond 45% in January and june 1998. giving evidence of the important organic pollution. this species is substituted, at stations SH and CA, essentially by Navicula subminuscula, N. veneta and Nitzschia inconspicua / N. frustulum complex. Diatom communities at the stations SC, HP and OM don't show an exclusive dominance of one or two species, but several species dominate and form a more varied communities.Four diatom indices have been tested to assess the water quality in Oued Hassar (Morocco) : the "Indice Diatomique Pratique" (IDP), the "Indice Diatomique Générique" (IDG), the Sládecek Index (SLA) and the Trophic Diatom Index (TDI). These indices are different by the assigned indicative values and pollution sensitivity coefficients relative to every species and by the taxonomic list integrated in the calculation of every index. The spatio-temporal variation of these indices reflects clearly the deterioration of water quality downstream the wastewater input of Mediouna agglomeration (IDP=3,86 ± 2,30; IDG=6,05 ± 2,31; SLA=4,35 ± 2,62; IDT=5,80 ± 1,85) and its recovery after the swampy zone at the station HP (IDP=9,37 ± 2,35; IDG=11,83 ± 1,77 ; SLA=7,19 ± 3,05 ; IDT=6,76 ± 2,48). Among these indices, only the IDP presents a significant correlation (0,63 ; α<5%) with the IPO (reference index). While the IDG, the SLA and the TDI don't show a significant correlation with this index (0,38 ; 0,27 and -0,11 respectively). The IDT shows nearly the same water quality in the different stations and rather inform on the high level of eutrophication in these water courses.The physical and chemical analyses, the composition of diatom communities as well as the relative results of diatom indices, show that the oued Hassar stream is submitted to an important pollution, particularly downstream the wastewater input. Among the tested indices, the IDP appears more adapted to the assessment of water quality in oued Hassar. However, more work is required in order to finalize a new diatom index which is more adapted to characteristics of the Moroccan water courses.

Keywords: Indices diatomiques, physico-chimie, Oued Hassar, Maroc, Afrique du nord, Diatom indices, physical and chemical analysis, Oued Hassar, Morocco, North Africa

Keywords: Maroc, patrimoine culturel, tourisme, habiter, globalisation

The author presents the realizations and difficulties of a Tunisian research and documentation center on women (CREDIF) in the area of documentation and offers several useful references on women in Tunisia.