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ABSTRACTPublic policies developed in the past few years in Belgium to "fight exclusion" differ from traditional means of intervention by the welfare state in that they are based on a principle of partnership and participation under the aegis of local authorities. The article seeks to describe and analyze how this new form of public policy implementation, while encouraging the emergence of new informal practices, has not radically changed relationships between political "decision makers" and local "operators," thus explaining the diversity and resistance of the informal sector.

This study describes the international intervention within states as ritualized in the context of the rise of democracy as a matter of global concern. The formation of an international benchmark for the democratic management of the state in Africa constrains « entrepreneurs of intervention » as well as the as « importers » of institutional models in this continent. The implementation of international policy instruments to promote democracy opens the possibility to observe realistic logic at work in the various forms of intervention. It also allows perceiving interventionism and reception of « institutional models » in Africa as « interaction rituals » in the sense that Goffman sees it.

Keywords: ingérence démocratique, transferts institutionnels, ordre planétaire, gouvernance, democratic intervention, institutional transfers, world order, governance, injerencia democrática, transferencia institucional, orden planetario de gobernanza

The contribution of this paper is twofold; it aims to :propose a description of accounting data systems (ADS) in SMEs,identify contingency factors which influence them.The quantitative study, carried out by face-to-face directive interviews with 71 managers of Tunisian industrial SMEs, highlights that :the accounting data management is a mandatory anchor for all managers, including those of smaller companies, but the Accounting Data Systems (ADS) in SMEs are rarely complex and are, thereby, specific,if the context in which the organization functions is a source of constraint, the leader maintains a dominant role.

Keywords: système de données comptables, dirigeants de PME, facteurs de contingence, Accounting Data Systems, SME managers, contingency factors, sistema de datos contables, dirigentes de PyMEs, factores de contingencia

This article shows that the model of management chosen by a company has an impact on the identity strategies of its employees. French-speaking western contractors ask to the employees of four offshore call centers in Tunisia to pretend they are French even if they are Tunisians in reality. These employees develop identity strategies to manage the strong tension between this compulsory identity and their personal identity. By using a four models of management frame, this article shows that the identity strategies of the employees vary according to the model of management chosen by their company.

Keywords: stratégies identitaires, modèles de management, centre d'appels offshore, Tunisie, études de cas, identity strategies, models of management, call center offshore, Tunisia, case studies, estrategias identitarias, modelos de gestión, centro de llamadas offshore, Túnez, estudios de caso

Through a case study addressing mosquito and vector control policies in Metropolitan France, this paper stresses the need to deconstruct the normalisation and standardisation processes at work in the manufacturing of social acceptability. The questioning guiding the underlying reflexion of this paper relates to the tensions, pluralities, and fluctuations of the justifications registers regarding the social (un)acceptability of mosquito control. The originality of this case study is due to the fact that it reveals oppositions between protagonists carrying distinct interests, but also within the various group of actors, as well as individual dilemmas. This article is based on a long term sociological study initiated in 1995, and gathering a corpus of data collected through several research programs. Thus, the data used in this paper are derived from a selection of 261 semi-structured interviews and 1093 questionnaires coming from various work. First, the analysis focuses on the influence of the sociopolitical and economical changes on the space-time fluctuations of social (un)acceptability construction. Then, it shows how the social acceptability construction processes contribute to occult the peculiarly political question of the actors' responsibility. Finally, the internal contradictions faced by the protagonists of the social (un)acceptability construction, opposing the plural injunctions of a polycephalic public power and the contradictory desires of a polymorphic population, are highlighted.

Keywords: rapport environnement/santé, acceptabilité sociale, inacceptabilité sociale sociologie critique, démoustication, lutte anti-vectorielle, Chikungunya, dengue, France, relation between environment and health, social (un)acceptability, social unacceptability, critical sociology, mosquito control, vector control, Chikungunya, dengue fever, France

Joel Ficet (CRIS, Université de Liège) gives us a theoretical investigation into the application of the polysemic concept of governance as it applies to the reorganization of the judiciary in Belgium. For a number of decades now, Belgium has been transforming its judicial system, through the creation of independent regulatory authorities, the establishment of contractual relationships between departments and the courts, the opening up of the institution to citizens and the introduction of managerialism. Because the author does not want to ignore the prescriptive aspect of the concept of governance, his analysis incorporates the positions taken and the normative beliefs of stakeholders in the judicial system as constituent elements of “a complex of representations, values and naturalized statements about legitimate forms of public action and relevant instruments for the reform of justice.”

Negotiation is one of the regulating principles of international organizations. Although largely studied in material terms (climate, trade, armaments, etc.), it also concerns the conquest of international positions, where States sometimes negotiate in favour of certain of their partners. Our article deals with the case of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (oif), and analyses the French option of negotiating a consensus in favour of Rwanda for the election to the General Secretariat in 2018. After a conceptual clarification on ‘negotiation for others' in International Relations, our article returns to the historical variables of the elections to this position, before unfolding the strategies operationalised by France in 2018. We learn that the steering of francophone multilateralism is based on a hegemonic approach by France, which is facilitated by regular divisions between Africans, a relative caution of Canada and a quasi-indifference of Asian countries members of the Francophonie. All this allows France to maintain a flexible articulation between its interests, those of its partners, and the principles and values promoted by this organization.

Keywords: Négociation, autrui, consensus, Francophonie, France, Rwanda, Negotiation, others, consensus, Francophonie, France, Rwanda

Canadian sociologists have been significantly involved in the International Sociological Association since its inception. Three of its congresses have been held in Canada. This article maps this involvement at the level of governing bodies and research committee steering committees. A comparison of the participation of Quebec sociologists with that of English-Canadian sociologists reveals not only chronological gaps and differentiated investments (which fade from the 1990s onward in the context of globalization) but also shared dispositions toward internationalization (based on previous experiences abroad, such as doctorates obtained abroad and migratory paths).

Keywords: congrès internationaux, histoire de la sociologie, hégémonie intellectuelle, internationalisation, sociologie canadienne, sociologie québécoise, international congresses, history of sociology, intellectual hegemony, internationalization, Canadian sociology, Quebec sociology

There is a small body of sociological literature which suggests that absenteeism is a form of individual behaviour which can only be properly understood as part of the social dynamics evolving at the workplace. This article presents some fieldwork material from a large Quebec engineering factory. Its objective is to enquire into the expected association between control over labour and short-term absenteeism by analysing a rich series of data covering a period of 14 months, from May 1986 to the end of June 1987. The analysis only concerns the spells of absence of three consecutive days or less, because such events of short duration are obviously more likely to be influenced by social control and choices. It is worth stressing first that these periods of absence lasting three days or less, and thus considered as short-term, make up more than two-thirds of al spells of absence in this plant. And these events, which exclude those registered under the category «lateness», are almost entirely made up of absences of a day or less. Table 1 shows that of the 3509 periods of absence in the factory, no less than 58,8% were authorized by the supervisor. In the large department of equipment installation where we conducted observation, two-third of all episodes of absence were authorized and only 15,5% were registered as unauthorized absence. In the same department, no less than 78,1% of employees were absent at least once during the 14 month period (Table 2), and 42,5% of these took four periods of absence or more (Table 3). Field research helps us to understand the high proportion of authorizedabsences, especially in the equipment department. It would seem that behaviour was influenced by the specifie form of labour control observed in the factory. This pattern of control was characterized by autonomy and much cooperation on the part of workers in their production activity. This, of course, depended on an exchange relationship between workers and supervisors, each party finding a strategic advantage. The management of short-duration absences was very decentralized and relied greatly on the informal relationship between workers and their supervisors. The latter had great discretion over the authorization of each spell of absence and the overall assessment of each case in the eventual application of disciplinary measures. The fieldwork also allowed us to observe a set of particular arrangements made on the shop-floor, as and when the need arose, concerning the authorization of absence by the supervisor and the means to alleviate its effects on production. Given the method of fabrication, it was absolutely necessary that the work was completed at each station before the end of the shift. In such a context, absences represented an important source of uncertainty for the supervisors, and organizational means were anticipated to alleviate this uncertainty. These social arrangements shaped individual behaviour in a way which resulted in the alleviation of the effects of absence and in a dissipation of any conflictual dimension.