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The sociology of organized action aims to reveal the way an organization is actually working, beyond the formal rule that defines and codifies it. From a formalization of this theory that leads to a meta-model of social organizations, we are able to represent the structure of the interdependence relationships that ties the actors of an organization to one another. Some power relationship networks can be extracted from a model of an organization. On the other hand, the social network analysis provides various techniques to reveal and study the structure and the behavior of social networks, highlighting the concept of power and structural advantage within a network. In this paper, we explore how some of these techniques can be applied in power relations networks extracted from organizations models, in order to improve the understanding of power relationships.

Keywords: Sociologie de l'action organisée, modélisation d'organisations, système d'action concret, acteur, pouvoir, influence, analyse structurale, réseaux sociaux, centralité, SocLab, Sociology of organized action, organization modeling, concrete system of action, actor, power, influence, structural analysis, social networks analysis, centrality, Soclab

The society in search of well-being encourages citizens to invest nature spaces to indulge in recreational practices beneficial to their health. This trend encourages naturally endowed territories to turn to this new tourist windfall while preserving their environment with a view to sustainable development. The progressive disengagement of the state since decentralization has forced the territories to turn to more or less complex partnerships. Governance is one of the means of answering these problems in a goal of collective efficiency. The ecosystem approach advocated by the National Parks Act has led to a more dynamic approach to park governance. Analyzing the evolution of the natural territory management methods makes it possible to determine the most relevant criteria and the most favourable conditions allowing the establishment of a type of governance that reconciles tourism issues of physical practices for health purposes and preservation of the territory.

Keywords: territoire, sport, gouvernance, bien-être, parc naturel, territory, governance, sport, well-being, nature park

The collective services offered by the State in France are being seriously questioned. The so-called new sociologists and economists, who vehemently contest the postulates of "critical" sociology, play an important part in this new trend. According to this "new" point of view, the growth of the State is not related to changes in the forms of domination but rather to the tendancy for bureaucracies to increase their influence. This leads them to revise postulates on the social order in which we live and the corollary implications for social policy.The author examines these latter implications wich involve returning to market regulation of social life and consequent reduction of State intervention. The imperatives of productive distribution and individual freedom are seen as contradictory with social equality as sought by the Welfare State. The State-Provider has failed. The individual must assume his responsibilities.These strategies indicate a tendancy to reintroduce capitalistic logic in the determination of social policy. This means that social policy is subordinated to economic policy and a new division of social costs between public and private institutions.

The systemic perspective doesn't lead to oppose a structural or systemic conception to a more strategic approach. But on the contrary to relate them closely showing the interactions, the constraints and the interdependences which condition the different political choices, confine and progressively close the fields of possibilities. Much more than actor's intentions, these are the system's properties which determine its logic, its global dynamic and its effects. In this way we will successively look after the strategies of different national actors (Germany, France, Great-Britain, USSR, Belgium) in the triggering of the World War II, and the properties of the system related to the interactions and interdependences of actor's games. Finally, we will study the dynamic and effects of the system: the path of war.

Keywords: Jeux d'acteurs, système d'action complexe, propriétés et effets de système, Deuxième Guerre mondiale, relations internationales, Actors games, Complex Action System, Properties and Systemic Effects, Triggering of World War II, International Relations

AbstractIs the future of the sociology, as Monique Hirshhorn in a text published in 2000 imagines it, in the introduction of a “initiative clearly phenomenological”, allowing “not to reduce the ‘subject' to the rational actor” and in a new questioning “on the social construction of the self” and “on the modes of elaboration of the identity”? Either it will be a question of turning rather to a sociology of the relation to which referred Laflamme in 1995, Emirbayer in 1997 or Donati in 2004, within networks as in the structural analysis or in the construction of trialectiques models proposed by Laflamme for whom only the relation, the communication, being the social and the human, is the social and the human? This question is at the heart of this article which tries to show that the contemporary evolution of sociology goes from a sociology of “substances” (“objects” or “subjects”) towards a sociology of the relation.

Keywords: acteur, analyse de réseaux, communication, conscience, individu, interaction, relation, réseaux, sociologie relationnelle, sociologie du sujet, structure, sujet, actor, analysis of networks, communication, consciousness, individual, interaction, relation, networks, relational sociology, sociology of the subject, structure, subject

The “Apple(s) from the Alpes” case presents a constructivist experiment This research which aims looks for to provide conceptual research and operational concepts. Research took place in thought and action in a complex environment dealing with small farm-firms and their business partners. The strategic small farm-firm is a project oriented model of the agronomic meaning of farm-firm. The product/territory couple is a project oriented model of local produce which results from interactive links between human beings work, soil and climate in order to obtain an agricultural product. The farm-firm attempts to overcome the crisis affecting its objectives and legitimacy. Because small-firms do not have enough resources they are obliged to cooperate. The product/territory couple illustrates a strategic approach representing a cohesion process between individual and collective projects. This strategic process between individual and collective projects. This strategic process is based on “meta-rules”.

Keywords: PME de production de fruits et légumes frais, Qualité, Couple produit, territoire, Mission, Légitimité, Métarègle, Constructivisme

Phenomenology and its derivatives have long insisted on the idea that social beings are free in nature. As social sciences have evolved towards more complex theoretical models, the limits of these approaches have become more and more obvious. However, in order to fully apprehend these limits, a change in paradigm, from an acter-based to a relation-based perspective is necessary. With this change comes a reflexion on the notion of power as theorized by phenomenologically-oriented theories, that is to say as something which can be detained and therefore used by social actors. A relationnal approach conceives power otherwise; in fact, it poses that power, as an analytical category, is not useful in understanding human relations. Through a series of indicators, we have operationnalized the concept of power as conceptualized by actor-based models by confronting it to data. This paper discusses the results of this analysis, results which suggest that power, when defined as formally distributed, does not explain the way in which information circulates and is not useful in explaining human relations.

Keywords: Phénoménologie, action, relation, dynamique, pouvoir, pouvoir formel, pouvoir informel, Phenomenology, action, relationship, dynamic, power, formal power, informal power