Documents found
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192.More information
The author identifies the variations in Peking's foreign policy since 1949 as the variable outcome of an equation involving stable principles and changing contexts. First, she identifies those principles that from the Chinese perspective are the guidelines of their foreign policy. Second, she attempts to demonstrate by reference to practice that these principles, far from constituting restrictive norms, are adapted to situations in a manner to ensure the perpetuity of China. Informed by an ages-old diplomatic tradition, the essentially pragmatic Chinese leadership interpret changes in the international context in the light of long-term objectives. These may be summarized by two concepts : the safeguarding of peace and the emancipation of humanity. By taking these considerations into account the author studies the foreign policies of the Chinese People's Republic that would appear to be the most susceptible of demonstrating the conceptions of its leaders with respect to international relations. In particular, the strategic position of the China of the 80s is commented upon within this analytical framework. The author concludes from her observations that Chinese behaviour on the international scène may be better understood by considering the goals pursued rather than the statements of principles put forward.
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193.More information
Keywords: Voyagiste, forfait, sous-traitance, aventure, Kirghizstan
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194.
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197.More information
AbstractThis study comes within the framework of the researches on the restoration of degradated forests. In France, the high altitude forest, which has been destroyed after centuries of pastoral use, was replanted 100 years ago in order to stabilize severely eroded soils. A century later, we try to measure the present state of reforestation on a southern Alps site. The objective was to point out the natural colonizing processes and the reforestation impacts (success or failure) on the present state of the forest at its upper limit. This research is based on two concerns: 1) analysis of some archives documents providing informations on the reforestation timing and wooded areas evolution; 2) dendrochronological analysis of the upper forest limit and tree-line stands to estimate the stand ages and the influence of some environmental factors on tree growth. The results indicate that outlying stands at the tree-line above the present forest limit are remnants of reforestation stages. Most of the planted trees did not survive on the mountain tops. Natural regeneration did not take over the plantation. The altitudinal climatic constraint cannot be accounted as a limiting growing factor at this site. It seems that the reforestation failure at higher altitudes was rather caused by substrate changes from 2000 m and above. Below this level, forest restoration has been successful even on unfavourable lands, like ancient pastures. Within the planted forest, natural processes contribute to reforestation.
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198.More information
Jia Zhangke's film The World (2004) provides a unique opportunity to consider globalization as a form of confinement. The theme park in which the film unfolds is a powerful critical allegory for global capitalist space. It is a non-space, a paradoxical theatre for the film's characters to create a community. As Jia has pointed out, economic growth has brought into Chinese daily life a constellation of shows, “sort of like economic bubbles, filling up every sector of our lives.” The present article adopts a principally post-Heideggerian approach to examine how The World is a cinematic extension of this observation, taking the spectator inside the private space of the production of global spectacle and its immediate repercussions on the level of being-together. The author discusses The World as the practice of a non-space and the unilateral itinerary of the existential malaise caused by the conditions of global capitalist mobilization, examining how it can contribute to demobilization through the production of a claustrophobic sensation in the viewer. The article's final hypothesis is that the feeling of confinement created by Jia Zhangke takes up and casts out the sense of claustrophobia caused by the process of global confinement, thereby giving rise to new possibilities for being in the world.
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199.More information
Keywords: événements sportifs, patrimoine, management territorial, stratégie d'accueil, événements
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200.More information
The development of the law of contracts as an independent legal discipline is of recent vintage in China. Its rapprochement with western concepts has only come about in recent years. From a formal standpoint, this part of the law appears poised at the crossroads of an administrative system, a custom-based system and a legal system. Its shortcomings may arise from its recent origin. Many problems are still too new for fully grasping what solutions might be the most timely. In addition, Chinese society is undergoing profound changes as a result of economic reform, and the économie grounds of law are also in full evolution. On the one hand, the State pursues its traditional role of « managing everything » and directing the economy: planning and administrative interferences — although significantly diminished — cannot disappear entirely and often reappear to maintain economic and social order. On the other, the market economy presupposes complete freedom for economic players and force s the State to decentralize decision-making, grant greater managerial autonomy and assign an essential role to the interplay of supply and demand in the market place. This mixture, which aims at founding a « socialist market economy », entails coexistence of traditional Chinese standards, modern rules and loans from western legal systems, all in the law of contracts.