Documents found
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231.More information
In the early 2010s, mussels cultivated by Quebec mussel farmers in various parts of the maritime regions of Eastern Quebec were subjected to unprecedented waves of predation. Several species of migratory birds, known as "sea ducks", are attacking sea-based cultivation lines, jeopardizing the province's mussel-growing industry. These phenomena of predation are being treated as a public problem, mainly by scientists and producers. However, predation appears to be a secondary issue to the more general question of the industry's economic development. While the economic and scientific producers focus on the predation problem, the public actors adopt a blame-avoidance strategy. They avoid their responsibility for the choice of a model that has encouraged predation blaming ducks and producers and reducing their material support for the industry.
Keywords: problème public, technicisation, prédation, industrie, aquaculture, public problem, technicality, predation, industry, aquaculture
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232.More information
On August 12th 1978 the People's Republic of China and Japan signed a treaty of peace and friendship that solemnly recognized the reconciliation between Peking and Tokyo. The original character and political, economic and geo-strategic meaning of this signal document can only be understood by placing it within Us true context. In fact, this context has two facets. The Sino-Japanese treaty can first be seen in an historical context that must be kept in mind since the « Far Eastern Question » has, from the end of the 19th century, been at the heart of Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese relations as well as constituting an ongoing concern for the major European powers. Prior to 1939, Japanese imperialism had succeeded in imposing its law in China and in East Asia establishing what Tokyo called a « co-prosperity sphere ». During the Second World War, the United States, Great Britain and the USSR - allies against the common enemy - had to take important decisions with regard to Japan to prepare the terms of occupation. The San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951 established the new American-Japanese relationship. Normalization of Soviet-Japanese relations began with the signing of the joint declaration of 1956.The August 12th 1978 Peace Treaty between Peking and Tokyo can be further seen as part of specific diplomatic context comprising the Sino-Soviet conflict, East-West détente and the Sino-American rapprochement that opened the way - immediately after President Nixon's trip to China in February 1972 - for the Sino-Japanese rapprochement.Legally, the Treaty contains only five short sections, the most original of which being the « anti-hegemony » clause provided for in section 2. Diplomatically, it is not exaggerated to recognize in this Sino-Japanese agreement an element of a New International Political Order presently taking form and that has to necessarily accompany the implantation of the « New International Economic Order » that the countries of the Third World have been demanding since 1974.
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233.More information
Without denying the importance of economies, the author underlines the necessity of analyzing the significance of Asia-Pacific as a political entity. The member States of the economics-oriented international organizations use the economic image of the region to gain political leverage at a regional or global level. This leads to an interrogation on the reality of « Asia-Pacific as a coherent political entity. The international relations in this area of the world also show an original pattern, insofar as the leadership of the « great powers » is questioned by « middle-sized » powers. The dialogue on collective security began recently and is a long way from achieving peace and stability in the region. It nevertheless shows the willingness of the Asia-Pacific States to overcome the difficulties of the post Cold War new world order
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234.More information
A brief historical survey of the u.s. export controls on strategic goods indicate the importance of the Cold War in achieving these objectives as well as the importance of polycentrism across and within the institutions and agencies concerned. The proliferation of controls has brought about a large area of freedom for the implementation of foreign policy by the executive branch of the Government. After the end of the Cold War, one can surmise that the emphasis mil be felt at three different levels : a greater discretion by national actors in the implementation of export controls policy, a greater harmonization of multilateral efforts designed at promoting the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and greater cleavages between those who want to relax export controls for economic reasons and those who want to strengthen them for security reasons. On the whole, the multiplicity of legislative actions and organizations concerned can only reinforce the freedom of action of the executive branch of the Government.
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237.More information
This article analyses more or less 200 Concluding Observations adopted by the United Nations Committee of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). It covers a period that encompasses the work of the Committee between its 8th and 40th working sessions. The research is aimed at identifying the contribution of the International Labour Organization (ILO) to those Concluding Observations. Accordingly, only the part of such observations relating to fundamental workers' rights has been considered. Those rights are guaranteed by articles 6 to 10 of the Covenant. The authors come to the conclusion that input from the ILO to the UN ICESCR Committee monitoring work is essential and useful. They constitute a case for best practices in the land of inter institutional collaboration. The impact of the collaboration is namely, but not exclusively, apparent when one considers the evolving situation of atypical and marginal workers. The study also shows that inter institutional collaboration does not mean that each monitoring body has to renounce either to its specificity or explicit jurisdiction. On the opposite, such specificity promotes and increases the capacity of a monitoring body to tackle different aspects of fundamental workers' rights systemic violations. The study confirms the necessity to preserve intact the existence and the jurisdiction of different international law human rights monitoring bodies in order for them to contribute differently, although sometimes in a converging manner, to the protection of workers' labour rights.
Keywords: Organisation internationale du travail, Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels, droits des travailleurs, collaboration interinstitutionnelle, suivi des traités, violations systémiques des droits des travailleurs, cycles de contrôle des traités de droits de la personne, International Labour Organization, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, workers' rights, Inter institutional cooperation, monitoring of human rights treaties, systemic violations of workers' rights, cycles of control of human rights treaties
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