Documents found
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301.More information
AbstractThis article deals with the subjective/figurative use of toponyms and anthroponyms in English, French and German. The author describes the phenomenon and provides trilingual lexicons with explanations and equivalents.
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302.More information
Since whaling still constitutes even today an important economic activity for many aboriginal peoples, the following analysis attempts to evaluate the nature of the legal constraints issuing from international instruments adopted for regulating whale hunting. As such, three legal frameworks are closely examined, the first one being the 1946 Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, the second one the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the one found in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Each of these three framework agreements condemn in varying degrees any contention that would argue in favour of unlimited access to this resource and freedom to trade in whale-derived products on international markets. Indeed, both the moratorium imposed by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in 1982 and the classifying of whales as an endangered species under CITES are opposed to any form of commercial whaling as well as the international marketing of whales. In this context, the concept of food security may only find its place in a legal framework by squeezing through the narrow opening of whaling as a strictly regulated exception for specific aboriginal peoples ; rightfully so from our standpoint, this situation is far from being an ideal one for interested peoples who would like to see the current commercial regulatory prohibition abolished. Among the various conceivable solutions for putting the food security of Northern peoples on a more solid footing, we maintain that the strategy consisting in working within current frameworks, whether they be the IWC or CITES, would in the long run be the most promising.
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303.More information
In its earliest economic form, money and the means for exchanging it took the oldest form of swapping : barter, which in time gave way to metal coins and then, much later, was replaced by ethereal electronic or “e-money”. During each evolutionary stage, the acceptance of money has rested upon the confidence of mediating economic agents. Such confidence may be market-based or backed by government, as when money is issued by a public authority. While this diachronic profile appears at each stage in the development of money, it becomes most obvious in the evolution of paper money and e-money. This paper sets forth a description of the origins of e-money and analyzes the phenomenon of this specific form of monetary evolution in order to better understand and anticipate the trail that e-payments will eventually blaze over the Internet.
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304.More information
Historical sociological studies face a challenge similar to that discussed by Martin Wight in “Why is there no International Theory?” Classical social theorists conceptualized “society” in the ontological singular, leaving their successors with a “domestic analogy” problem which has dogged attempts to provide a social theory of International Relations. Overcoming this problem requires an expansion of the premises of social theory to incorporate those general features of social reality which generate the phenomenon of “the international”. This expansion can be achieved using Leon Trotsky's idea of ‘uneven and combined development'. Specifically, the existence of ‘the international' arises ultimately from the “unevenness” of human sociohistorical existence; its distinctive characteristics can be derived from analysis of the resultant condition of “combined development”; and its significance, thus sociologically redefined, entails are conceptualization of ‘development' itself — one which removes the source of the “domestic analogy” problem for historical sociology.
Keywords: Sociologie historique, relations internationales, Trotsky, développement inégal et combiné, Historical Sociology, International Relations, Trotsky, Uneven and Combined Development , Sociología Histórica, Relaciones Internacionales, Trotsky, desarrollo desigual y combinado
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305.More information
Drones are becoming more accessible and efficient. This article presents a review of recent scientific literature focusing on their use to study wildlife. The 250 publications consulted were grouped into one of 4 categories: wildlife surveys, the behavioural response of wildlife to drones, the study of wildlife behaviour and wildlife protection. The review highlighted the great potential of drones for helping in the survey of animals, especially birds and mammals, and it also revealed the developments underway to allow their use for studying aquatic fauna, amphibians, reptiles and insects. The main impacts of drones on animals are presented and, based on the available information, preliminary recommendations are made to limit their disturbance to wildlife. Drones have multiple advantages and the rapid development of this technology suggests that several of the current limits to their use will soon be overcome. Finally, elements of the Canadian regulations on the use of drones are presented. In conclusion, in the medium-term, drones have the potential to play a significant role in the protection and management of biodiversity.
Keywords: comportement, conservation, détection, drone, inventaire, behaviour, conservation, detection, drone, survey
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308.More information
AbstractApplying the stochastic frontier approach to provincial statistics, we decompose economic growth in China during the reform period 1978-2003 into three components : technological progress (shifts in the production frontier), efficiency change (movements towards or away from the frontier) and physical capital accumulation (movements along the frontier). Then we examine the contributions of these components to growth and regional convergence. The results indicate that efficiency change dominates the first phase of the reforms and capital accumulation becomes the key factor of growth since the beginning of the 1990's, while the contribution of technological progress remains limited throughout the whole period. Among these three components, efficiency change is the only factor favorable for the regional catch-up process.
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309.More information
The Bishnoi are members of a religious community founded in the 15th century in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan. Originally based on 29 precepts, many of which codify relationships with other living beings, animals and plants, their religious doctrine, Bishnoism, prescribes an ethic of life in which compassion for all living beings (jīv) and avoidance of harm to them are paramount principles. Mostly farmers, the Bishnoi are nowadays facing profound transformations brought about by modernity and the intensification of their agriculture (extension of irrigation systems, use of machinery, fertilizers and pesticides).Based on an ethnographic study, this article examines the ethical and religious dilemmas generated by the use of pesticides that destroy living organisms. It documents undergoing arrangements to reconcile emerging practices in contradiction with founding principles.
Keywords: Bishnoï, devoirs religieux, relation humains-animaux, pesticides, dons, dharma, Inde, Rajasthan, Bishnoi, religious duties, human-animal relationship, pesticides, donations, dharma, India, Rajasthan
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310.More information
This article is devoted to the Eurasian dimension of Russian foreign policy. Eurasian integration, which was popular among Russian elites in the 1990s, gradually imposed itself in the 2000s due to the failure of union projects including Ukraine and of attempts to rapprochement with Western Europe. Moscow now relies on the Eurasian Economic Union (eaeu) and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (csto) to try to reaffirm its leadership in post-Soviet Eurasia and establish international partnerships on a continental scale in order to structure the Great Eurasia project. If this policy has known certain successes, in particular in the cooperation with China for the establishment of the New Land Silk Roads, it continues to come up against the incomprehension of the Western powers which refuse any form of partnership between the Euro-Atlantic structures and Eurasian organizations.
Keywords: Puissance russe, Eurasie, intégration eurasiatique, Union économique eurasiatique, otsc, cei, Nouvelles routes de la soie, Organisation de coopération de Shanghai (ocs), Russian Power, Eurasia, Eurasian Integration, Eurasian Economic Union, csto, ciso, New Silk Roads, Shanghai Cooperation Organization (sco)