Documents found
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131.More information
The article studies the careers of pro-participation elected officials in three French cities between 1990 and 2020. It shows how they perform a paradoxical leadership through their participatory claims. Their claim in favour of a dilution of decision-making power actually reinforces its personification. If participatory democracy is a resource, the conditions of its use as political capital are linked to their social trajectories, and such capital remains specific. Despite their pro-participation act, they must cope with the norms of political representation. Such observation is especially relevant given the delegative and majoritarian biases in the French local government system. All this further highlights the irreducibility between participatory and representative democracy.
Keywords: gouvernement local, élus locaux, maires, démocratie participative, leadership politique, capital politique, local government, local councillors, mayors, participatory democracy, political leadership, political capital
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132.More information
Starting in 2016, in the Côtes d'Armor district, in French Brittany, two natural resources extraction project face strong local mobilizations. The first one is the Loc-Envel mining project, in the countryside, and the second one is a shell sand extraction licence, on the coast. Although those two struggles are rather close to each other, they take different shapes : while the mobilization against the Loc-Envel mining project takes the form of a flexible coalition, the one against the shell sand extraction is structured in a coalition organisation (Staggenborg, 1986). How can we explain these differences in such a small area ? In order to answer this question, this article looks at the role of local heritages and framing in the shaping of environmental conflicts. Thereby, we find a counter-expert approach on the coast and a territorialized one in the countryside, while the criticism of extractivisme (Bednik, 2016) remains marginalized.
Keywords: mouvements sociaux, ressources naturelles, environnement, territoires, cadrage, coalitions, social movements, natural ressources, environment, territories, framing, coalition
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133.More information
The first round of the last French local elections was held on March 15th, while the COVID-19 epidemic spreads in France. What was the impact of the health crisis on the mobilization during the 2020 local elections first round, where turnout reached a historical minimum? Has turnout at these elections been dependent on the local intensity of the epidemic? Did the crisis profoundly modify the effect of the usual socioeconomic factors of turnout? This article proposes to answer these questions using a longitudinal multilevel analysis of the abstention rate of the first rounds of the four last French local elections for cities over 3,500 inhabitants. Our results show that the effects of the COVID crisis on turnout are hardly dependent on the local intensity of the epidemic. If the demobilization increases everywhere on the territory, especially among cities where turnout is generally high, we observe significant variations in the abstention rate only for cities located in departments where the epidemic causes several deaths. We also observe an increase in the abstention for cities where proportions of people over 65 years of age and laborers are high, particularly when they are located at a close distance from the main epidemic clusters.
Keywords: élections municipales françaises de 2020, crise du coronavirus, participation électorale, analyse longitudinale multiniveau, 2020 French local elections, coronavirus crisis, voter turnout, longitudinal multilevel analysis
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134.More information
The question of how tobacco was distributed over a fairly long period from the second half of the 17th century until the end of the following century, in the Subdelegation and the Sénéchaussée d'Hennebont arises. The use of tobacco is spreading rapidly and is becoming a common consumer product, available to the greatest number and no longer reserved for an elite, in particular thanks to the multiplication of the different species of tobacco on offer. The authorities quickly became aware of the need to supervise, encourage and control its consumption in order in particular to curb any possible fraud. But, in order to develop the use of « Nicot grass », the State must first seek the best interlocutors, the most able, to organize distribution channels and effective control activities. At the local level, this translates into the appointment of commissioners with extended powers, by the establishment of distribution networks as close as possible to the field. This makes it possible to prevent, or at least limit, fraud, while offering consumers the possibility of obtaining supplies quickly and at a bearable cost.
Keywords: tabac, consommation, encadrement, offre, fraude, entreposeurs et débitants de tabac, fixation d'un goût, tobacco, consumption, supervision, offer, fraud, tobacco storers and retailers, fixing a taste, tabaco, consumo, encuadramiento, oferta, fraude, depositarios y vendedores tabaco, fijación de un gusto
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135.More information
Between the Canadian plains (“Manitoba”), where fresh water simultaneously nourishes abundant crops and charming mirages, and the saline land's ends of Bretagne (“Sainte-Anne-la-Palud”) and of Camargue (“The Camargue”), plains soaked with “unwholesome water,” Fragiles lumières de la terre evokes not only the physical distance between two continents but also the distance between the child's paradise revisited, nestled at the “axis of the world,” and two brackish spaces, which are at land's end, both marked by war and representative of the worst aspects of modernity. Our analysis of the internal modes of organization of the descriptions in these three articles will focus on three operations studied by theoreticians: anchoring, reformulation and assimilation. The study of anchoring, especially the one of the legend-word which accompanies the title-theme, allows for the designation of a positional function for the descriptions, which ties them to a specific genre: the idyll for “Manitoba,” and the elegy for “Sainte-Anne-la-Palud” and “The Camargue”. But the initial genre labelling of the three articles is called into question by the operation of reformulation. The idyllic description of Manitoba ends with a brackish conclusion, thus rejoining the spirit of the other two, which in turn move from elegy towards a polemic tone. The latter term takes on its full meaning in the study of the operations of assimilation, where similes and metaphors take the form of war and peace allegories. The manipulation of these three descriptive operations in the texts evokes Camus' metaphor of exile and the kingdom. At first glance, the plains of Manitoba appears as the kingdom, while those of Bretagne's Finistère and the Camargue represent exile. But this kingdom that is Manitoba is not free of bitterness. One realizes that no longer can a kingdom, even a child's paradise, be separated from exile.
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137.More information
The objective of fisheries management is the sustainability of fishery resources. It requires an intervention in fishing areas articulated around a production space, a structuring pole, and a marketing space. Our contribution focuses on the artisanal fisheries infrastructure, specifically the landing sites, which constitute the structuring poles of this sector. This article questions the role of landing sites in the sustainable management of fishery resources, in a context marked by poor or lacking fishing infrastructure. Thus, the landing sites of artisanal fisheries in Owendo, Gabon, are analyzed based on regulatory texts, available documentation, and field surveys based on semi-directive interviews with fishermen and officials of the fisheries administration in Libreville, Gabon. The results confirm the essential role played by the landing sites in resource sustainability and the viability of artisanal fisheries in Gabon, while also calling for their modernization.
Keywords: Gabon, Owendo, espace halieutique, sites de débarquement, pêche maritime artisanale, aménagement des pêches, pêche durable, modernisation, Gabon, Owendo, fishing areas, landing sites, artisanal fisheries, fisheries management, sustainable fisheries, modernization, Gabón, Owendo, espacio haliéutico, sitios de desembarco, pesca marítima artesanal, acondicionamiento de la pesca, pesca durable, modernización
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138.More information
Since the 1990s, new forms of gardens appeared in French cities. Indicating a revival in landscape art, henceforth, they set themselves up as model of arrangement. The appearance of parks and public gardens, registered in these innovative projets of territory, offer a face revisited. Here and there, spontaneous vegetation displays unruly airs instead of spaces previously properly maintained. On behalf of ecological engineering that soak at the moment the management of natural artefact in the city, a revision of the practices gardeners is imperative. In Brittany, at the dawn of the XXIth century, the story of the water and the regional will to reconquer its quality was at the origin of the impulse given to the local authorities to reorientate their practices. This involves the revision of the interpretative filters of nature in the city. The gardeners of local authorities, whose job is to maintain the green urban areas deliver their perception of current developments. Their life stories illustrate the difficulty to give up a decorative appearance on the name of the new ecological values.
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139.More information
This article is focused on the governance of one type of Marine Protected Areas, namely Natura 2000 at sea. The aim is to identify what is determinant for the effectiveness of their governance. From a database of 158 sites located in Hexagonal France, 20 were used for comparative case-studies. The analysis of the database shows that despite an identical national framework, it is in fact implemented very differently according to the diversity of maritime frontage, regions and sites. To understand this diversity, we describe four discriminant factors: the overlapping of the Natura 2000 area within another territorial management zone, the governance temporalities (before or after the management plan), local proximities (pre-existing or to be created), the geographical location of the site (coastal or offshore). Then we analyze the effects and impacts of governance, according to their characteristics. Their added benefits are described (direct effect, rebound-effect, resources, actions and coordination), revealing that their effectiveness is nonetheless conditional. The effectiveness and quality of the governance are then characterized according to the objectives of Natura 2000 at sea and some improvements are suggested.
Keywords: aires marines protégées, conservation, environnement marin, gouvernance, Natura 2000 en mer, marine protected areas, conservation, marine environment, governance, Natura 2000 at sea
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140.More information
The French Conservatoire du littoral was created in 1975 to bring a balance between the building and the protection of the shores. The mission of this national public administrative agency is to buy coastal plots to protect and manage landscapes and natural habitats. Among the purchased plots, around 15% are agricultural land. But can the landscape and conservation missions of the Conservatoire du littoral cope with productive farming activities ? To manage certain habitats, the Conservatoire du littoral considers certain agricultural activities as necessary. It is the case of grasslands that require management by mowing and/or grazing. Other farming activities are sometimes tolerated or encouraged on Conservatoire du littoral lands. Contract specifications with ecological conditions are negociated with farmers to frame the practices. The article goes through the history of the preference for grasslands at the Conservatoire du littoral, while also presenting the other types of agricultural activities encountered on the agency's land. The aim is to present the series of questions and knowledge that led to the formulation and current development of the principles of action in agriculture at the Conservatoire du littoral.
Keywords: littoral, agriculture, nature, paysage, prairie, expertise naturaliste, cadrage, coastline, agriculture, nature, landscape, meadow, naturalist assessment, framing