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144.More information
Since the 1970s, archaeology has been very rapidly professionalized with the evolution of the French administration and the explosion of preventive archaeology positions. The benefits of this rapid evolution must now take into account the non-professional actors (volunteers, amateurs and citizens) whose diversity has also evolved. Indeed, the distance taken by professionals towards the latter is increasing a little more every day. Yet, for a long time, learned societies and associations have fuelled scientific production. Some have even led to the creation of research centres, sometimes associated with the creation of a museum. These large-scale initiatives from legal entities may also be found in the case of individuals. To very different degrees, many other volunteer archaeologists, sometimes defining themselves as independent researchers, have contributed to knowledge about human beings through an archaeological approach. Some have even become professionals. Through the presentation of the contributions and limitations of the various non-professional research actors (in particular volunteer archaeologists and amateur researchers), we highlight the importance of strengthening the link between professionals and non-professionals for tomorrow’s archaeological research in mode science 4.0.
Keywords: archéologie, éthique, bénévoles, amateurs, professionnels, témoignage, France, pyramide, archaeology, ethics, volunteers, amateurs, professionals, testimony, pyramid, France
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145.More information
This article contributes to the analysis of the processes of student training mobility and anchorage in Brittany's university cities. Using a quantitative methodology, we have re-examined, on the one hand, the hypothesis that students have become more and more mobile, and we have also looked at their anchorage in the university city (both their residential and urban practices per se). Our reference population is that of IUT (technological university institute) students, at bachelor degree level (Ist, 2nd, and 3rd year) and Breton university MA students (1st and 2nd year).
Keywords: Étudiant, mobilité, pratique spatiale, décohabitation, enseignement supérieur en Bretagne, Student, mobility, spatial practice, living apart, Higher Education in Brittany
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146.More information
AbstractFrench agricultural productivity appears to have failed to match that of its neighbours by the middle of the I9th century. This paper suggests that one of the reasons for this relative backwardness was the failure of'French farmers to adopt the new technology available to them. Mechanization, with its constant change and variations in technique, was gener- ally not taken up.In the first part of this paper, the author surveys the development of mechanization and the manner and extent of adoption across the country. On the basis of this analysis, he suggests reasons for the uneven and hesitant quality of mechanization over time. This resulted, he suggests, not simply from the conservatism of the French farmer, his devotion to traditional patterns of production and the lack of training among farm workers. Rather, he posits, the slow adoption of these new devices resulted from the lack of entrepreneurship on the part of French implement manufacturers, the structure of agricultural holdings in the country (most of the farms being small and too expensive to mechanize), the high prices for merchandise and the existence of a large body of landless agricultural workers. An analysis of the demo-socio-economic context reveals the extent of mechanization, and variations from area to area. These differences appear to disap- pear by the end of the 19th century.Mechanization in French agriculture did take place but the development was slow and lagged behind the performance of other Western European nations. Central to this was the role of the leading citizens in each district, who encouraged mechanization by buying this machinery and by organizing contests and exhibitions. The smaller farmers followed their lead, but only when the benefits of mechanization were proven, and the financial resources to purchase became available.
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149.More information
In the 1920s, Albert Tessier acted as cultural mediator between the “régionalisme mistralien” and Quebec, in the hopes of adapting the French Canadian rural and catholic identity to the modern world. Between 1930 and 1950, he participated in the transmission, in France, of a certain idea of Quebec as a country of high morality and nature. He selected his intermediaries through regionalist criteria. He answers French expectations, but places himself as a filter between Quebec and people like Georges Cerbelaud Salagnac, Raoul Blanchard, Maurice Genevoix and Marie Le Franc. Tessier transforms Quebec into a relay by sending back to France a revised “régionalisme mistralien”. In this, he serves his own cause, consolidating French Canadian identity by proposing Quebec as a “société-mémoire” of France.
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150.More information
As Balzac suggests in The Physiology of Marriage: “To read is to join with the writer in a creative act” (2016c, n. p.). What is true of any reader may be even truer of translators, as primordial readers entrusted with rewriting a text for a foreign audience. This paper will consider two of Balzac's short stories, Le Réquisitionnaire (1831) and L'Élixir de longue vie (1830), in English, Spanish and Chinese translation. Our observations draw on reception theories, especially the most recent ones that integrate a cultural dimension to translating, but they are essentially informed by O'Neill's macro- and transtextual model (2005). This model is a complex multilingual system that includes the author and translators, as well as all the texts, the original as well as the translations, with all their consonances, dissonances, and transformations, whether of form or content. This macrotextual approach will not only help understand Balzac's impact in the world, but also highlight some of the strategies the translators adopted in performing their task: stylistic choices to transfer what they perceived to be Balzac's style, but also domesticating or foreignizing strategies as discussed by Schleiermacher, Venuti or Berman. Whatever the strategies used, however, it becomes clear that once a piece is published, it no longer belongs to its author, but has a life of its own in the target context that the author could not foresee and can do nothing about (Chan, 2010, p. 3). To illustrate and measure some of these transformations, be they of form or content, we follow these two short stories in a few countries and linguistic systems.
Keywords: réception, acculturation, dépaysement, traduction, transformation, reception, domesticating, foreignizing, translation, transformation