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65.More information
SUMMARYIn this article the author draws from his clinical experience those elements which permit him to illustrate how the family therapist constructs a therapeutic system. To this end he focuses on three particular aspects : 1) first he describes what confronts the therapist at the outset. He has to deal with an open or closed system (the family). To assess its degree of openness, he observes its survival rules, behavioural schémas and its homeostatic functioning. He explains how to begin the first interview in the light of the work of Shirley Luthman. He emphasizes the importance of circular logic as a basis for exploring the family problem. 3) He demonstrates the importance of redefining the problem, the therapeutic relation, and the context which may be judicial, or one of madness, protection or expectation. He concludes by insisting on the necessity for the therapist to be concerned essentially with process : how things happen between people.
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66.More information
This contribution aims to identify multiple territorialities and their roles in environmental antagonistic dynamics and characterize the signs of place attachement that we observed in various studies on French coastal zone. Our research shows that place attachment can be revealed by an hypersensitivity of individuals or groups and the intensity of their reactions, the structuring of collectives, violence of acts of opposition, signs in the public spaces, the use of possessive adjectives in stakeholders arguments. These signs of place attachment reveal territorialities which are important to consider for conflict regulation because their lack of consideration very frequently lead, in our case studies, to a radicalisation of the conflict.
Keywords: conflits, territorialité, attachement au lieu, littoral, régulation, conflict, territoriality, place attachment, coastal zone, conflict regulation
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68.More information
Given the importance of VSEs/SMEs in the French economy, one of the challenges of public policies is to promote their growth and this requires, among other things, easy access to financing. Today, their main mode of financing remains the bank loan. However, banks do not always provide the requested funding. Based on this observation, we became interested in crowdfunding as a source of complementary funding. We identify about one hundred French platforms for financing business projects. Seven of them are located in the Breton territory and can largely finance the projects of companies present on this territory. This brings us to a questioning on what links a regional territory to a crowdfunding platform taking Breton as an example. To answer this questioning, our research was conducted in two stages, firstly by a phase to characterize the crowdfunding on our territory of study then by a comprehensive phase. The first phase consisted of drawing up a panorama of crowdfunding in Brittany. The comprehensive phase led us to classify the platforms into four categories, linking territory and platforms, and brought out the concept of “phygitalization,” which combines digital and physical presence.
Keywords: Crowdfunding, Plateforme, TPE/PME, Territoire, Phygitalisation, Crowdfunding, Platform, VSE/SME, Territory, Phygitalization, Crowdfunding, Plataforma, Microempresas, Pequeñas y medianas empresas, Territorio, Fitalización
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Acculturation in France of the American concept of urban sprawl was a long-drawn-out and shaky process which so demonized the term, and the related concept of suburbanization, that it became a tool for fearmongering against any alternative approaches running counter to conventional centralized views of what constituted true sustainable urban development. This guilt-by-association argument tends generally to fly in the face of the long history of human settlement and the genesis of the urban fabric, both of which have led to the development of characteristics that call for a more nuanced approach. We first explain the process and reasons for the development of this unwarranted connotation, then use the particular case of Brittany to illustrate our argument that the effect of the perversion of the concept of urban sprawl has led to a largely unjustified stigmatization of the “invisible cities” which have come to characterize this region.
Keywords: Aménités, territoire, Bretagne, bourg, étalement urbain, longue durée, périurbanisation, villes invisibles, Amenities, territory, Brittany, towns and villages, urban sprawl, long-term features, suburbanization, invisible cities, Amabilidades, territorio, Bretaña, villa, expansión urbana, largo plazo, peri urbanización, ciudades invisibles