Documents found
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12.More information
This paper is a demographic study of the French colony of Saint-Pierre, near Newfoundland, between 1763 and 1816. The colony was conquered by the British in 1778 and 1793 and France only took possession again in 1816. Our data are culled from entries regarding births, marriages and deaths from the Parish registers of Saint-Pierre. In this research, we are presenting the results of a quantitative analysis. Our conclusions illustrate the fact that there was a substantial number of deaths among young children and that people chose to marry within their own social ranks. But one of our most significant findings is the high number of deaths among sailors and fishermen during the fishing season, between May and September.
Keywords: démographie, histoire, Saint-Pierre, colonie française, registres paroissiaux, xviiie – xixe siècles, demography, history, Saint-Pierre, French colony, parish registers, 18th–19th centuries
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13.More information
The increasing impact of fisheries practices on marine ecosystems and ecosystem services requires the mobilization of legal and societal instruments to correct the perverse effects they produce. Can public authority, through the law, freely interfere in the regulation of these practices to enable them to produce a virtuous effect on biodiversity, ecosystems and ecosystem services? Does it exist a threshold beyond which public authority must no longer act? It seems possible to answer these questions by applying the new conceptualized legal analysis tool called legal gradient. The unprecedented application of this tool is studied in a real-life laboratory which has long been used to study professional fishing practices that impacts biodiversity and ecosystem services: The Natural Marine Park of Iroise. After reviewing a situational analysis of practices and their impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems and ecosystem services, the article identifies main applicable instruments of positive law and societal regulations to account for their degree of effectiveness and efficiency. On this basis, the article then proposes to apply the legal gradient to envisage a new way of acting on practices, on the part of the public authority. This approach will be followed by a more theoretical reflection on the construction of the concept of governance.
Keywords: gouvernance, flexibilité du droit, adaptabilité du droit, services écosystémiques, régulation publique, régulation privée, aire marine protégée, développement durable, governance, legal flexibility, legal adaptability, ecosystem services, legal regulation, societal regulation, marine protected area, sustainable development
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