Documents found
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1041.More information
Civilization VI Gathering Storm offers important new features, including the effects of fossil fuel consumption on CO2 emissions, the climate changes and the occurrence of natural disasters. The game analysis shows the importance of different types of disasters in a game. The management of disaster risks simulated in the game is carried out according to a technicist perspective since many technologies discovered over the course of a game make it possible to manage disaster risks and maintain the expansion and ownership of the territory. The probability of occurrence and the intensity of certain disasters will also increase with global warming linked to the increase in CO2 emissions from the industrial age. The management of these climate changes can be achieved thanks to the World Congress allowing a temporary ban on the exploitation of certain resources. In general, the game simulates some current environmental issues, but does not completely render a model of sustainable development, because the proposed political and technological solutions rule out the social and ecological impacts of these choices and do not integrate many contemporary environmental issues. These principles of the game can be questionable. However, from a didactic point of view, they can also constitute learning opportunities because the game offers an important playful aspect and offers real freedom of choice of the type of development. The game thus has didactic and educational potential by allowing students to discuss a vision of sustainable development based solely on political and technological control.
Keywords: jeu vidéo, Civilization VI, développement durable, changement climatique, didactique, videogame, Civilization VI, sustainable development, climatic change, didactic
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1042.More information
There is a paradox in Engels' well-known theory of state formation contained in The Origin of the Family Private Property and the State. The state in Engels' view represented a triumph of a small elite of non-producers over the vast majority, and a world-historical defeat for the common people. Yet the Athenian state, Engels' prime example, does not conform to the pattern: it becomes more “democratic” as the state evolves rather than less. The paper explores the way out of this dilemma, through an examination of the rise of the Athenian polis in light of the recent theory of the Early State put forward by Henri Claessen and Peter Skalnik. The analysis offers insight into the internal dynamic of early states and the role of kinship, and in the final section argues for the essential validity of Engels' view.
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1043.More information
In the past decade, the world has entered a new nuclear age : relations among the major nuclear powers (United States, Russia and China) have grown more competitive, the spread of nuclear weapons to new states has resulted in worrying regional nuclear instabilities, and technological advances are raising new threats, while Arms Control is in a state of near total collapse. A new multilateral nuclear disorder, combining traditional concerns with distinctive new dangers, is here. The perils of this new and still evolving nuclear reality must be understood. The purpose of this article is to present a critical analysis of this reality and offer some thoughts regarding the future of the nuclear (dis)order.
Keywords: armes nucléaires, stratégie, États-Unis, Chine, non-prolifération, Russie, nuclear weapons, strategy, Unites-States, China, non-proliferation, Russia
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1044.
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1045.
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1047.More information
The aim of this paper is to explore the role of translations in a peripheral country. After having analysed geographical journals such as Boletim Geográfico and GEOgraphia, I suggest that translating academic articles became a consistent practice (although unconscious) among Brazilian geographers from the first university courses in the 1930s to present time. This paper studies the translation into Portuguese of the work of French geographer Paul Vidal de la Blache that circulated in Brazil between 1943 to 2020. Translation studies are useful to show how translations can improve our knowledge of human sciences. After reviewing how Vidal de la Blache and other classic authors have been considered by the historiography of geography, I concluded that translations have had a key role in the process of “canonization” (1943–1999) and “decanonization” (1999–2020) of Vidal de la Blache in Brazil.
Keywords: Vidal de la Blache, traduction, canonisation, décanonisation, géographie brésilienne, Vidal de la Blache, translation, canonization, decanonization, Brazilian geographers, Vidal de la Blache, traducción, canonización, descanonización, geógrafos brasileños
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1048.
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1049.More information
This article surveys the history of the American social and political reaction to the events surrounding the Upper Canadian Rebellion. It focuses on the efforts of Michiganders and members of secret societies who supported the rebellion and Patriot War and on their experiences of engaging in revolutionary activities. By engaging with an enemy abroad, whether real, or imagined, these Americans sought a panacea to ease their generational and nationalistic angst. In return, they believed that liberating Canadians from British tyranny would cement their legacies in American history. This heroism, coupled with the formation of a secret society, the Hunters' Lodges, temporarily distracted these Americans as well as some government officials from economic hardship, domestic and political turmoil, and perhaps most importantly, a rapidly changing world.
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1050.