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Legal scholars have been interested in the application of law, and mostly, international Law, in case of a “Cyberwar” scenario, i.e, hypothesis in which States would engage in actions which meet the “use of force” threshold or the “armed force” threshold, through cyber means. In reality, these hypotheses, even if very concerning, do not really fit with the actual power relations in cyberspace. Indeed, this new space is, above all, the scene of an ideological struggle between States. It is true that digital means allow an instantaneous broadcast of ideas throughout the world. This tool is thus a vector for power, aimed at shaping minds and public opinions across the world, in a certain way, and at influencing elections results. The purpose of this article will be to determine how this “digital information warfare” is taken into account by law, in general, and more particularly, by International Law.
Keywords: cyberespace, ingérence, propagande, droit international, souveraineté, élections, Cyberspace, Interference, Propaganda, International Law, Sovereignty, Elections
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Ce mémoire a pour but de démontrer l'impact des actions des corsaires et des pirates sur le déclin d'un empire. L'ouvrage démontre qu'au XVIIe siècle, les flibustiers, supportés par la France, occupèrent et développèrent une région des Antilles (les îles de la Tortue et de Saint-Domingue) causant ainsi le déclin territorial de l'Empire espagnol d'Amérique. De plus, les flibustiers pratiquèrent la flibuste pour s'approprier les possessions maritimes et terrestres des Espagnols en Amérique, ce qui eut des répercutions désastreuses sur l'économie espagnole causant ainsi un déclin économique important au sein de l'Empire espagnol d'Amérique. Par le déclin territorial et par le déclin économique, un déclin politique fut engendré dans cet empire. Je mets en lien la géographie-politique et l'histoire car j'utilise une démarche historique, une …
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What did the French read on the eve of the Revolution? Daniel Mornet asked this question in a famous article of 1910. Since then, historians have moved on to other ways of understanding the origins of 1789, but Mornet's question has been left hanging, despite its relevance to recent work in fields such as the history of books and cultural history in general. This essay is intended to provide an answer to Mornet's question while at the same time introducing an open-access website full of information about the demand for literature and the way the book trade actually operated under the Ancien Régime.
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AbstractPhilippe Delerm's short texts are subtly suffused with a sort of phenomenology of the everyday, in which moments of time are apprehended from an openly Epicurean point of view. The fact that the reader quickly finds himself caught up in these florilegia of the everyday raises the question of the rhetorical and fictional devices used by the author to draw the reader in. This analysis, based on many examples, highlights Delerm's aesthetics of fragmentation : narration is suspended and the reader is surreptitiously driven to espouse the point of view expressed at the close. The problem of time plays a central role in Delerm's creations, as if to highlight the evanescence of happiness.
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