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AbstractThis article questions the relationship between the notion of the apparatus and the problematic of reception, as well as the relationship that may be established between a “theory of the apparatus” (Baudry, Metz) and early cinema. The author shows how a certain number of adjustments would allow for the use of the concept “apparatus” in view of a heuristic study of the early period of cinema. In order to advance some new propositions on the transformation of filmic language, the author develops the notions of the “apparatus of reception” and the “apparatus of production.”

The matter of racial profiling is often raised when discussing police intervention. Many analyses have, indeed, shown that certain groups within society, such as Blacks and men, are overrepresented in the population of arrested or intercepted individuals. Moreover, Darrell Steffensmeier and his collegues, who have focused some of their work on this concern, demonstrate a much more complex situation than initially anticipated : they suggest that certain individual characteristics interact with one another, leading to multiplied, rather than simply added, effects on the severity of judicial decision-makers. In this regard, the present study seeks to test the interaction between gender and ethnic appearance, two visible components of an individual's identity, on police decision-making. Concretely, the study focuses on the decision to resort to extrajudicial measures for adolescents intercepted for shoplifting incidents totaling 200$ or less in a large Canadian city, as allowed by the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) (n = 1647 decisions). Results show that, for equivalent offences, non-white adolescent boys are between 1.7 and 2.0 times less likely than other youth to benefit from extrajudicial measures. The other three groups of adolescent offenders (white boys, white girls, non-white girls) are not statistically different from one another. In conclusion, the analysis suggests that such treatment of juvenile offenders by police does not seem to derive from police malice but rather from judicial policies favouring the arrest of a greater proportion of non-white boys.

Keywords: Intersectionnalité, LSJPA, sexe, apparence ethnique, policier, Intersectionality, YCJA, gender, ethnic appearance, police, Interseccionalidad, LSJPA, sexo, apariencia étnica, policía

Martine Chartrand is an internationally acclaimed Quebec animation filmmaker. The authors show that her work offers a unique feminist and anti-racist look at the recognition and transmission of the heritage of Black people. Their approach is based on the description of her films by following the chronological order of production. The issue of racism and the minorization of the female imagination in the arts highlights the consequences of the negative representations conveyed in the cartoons dominating the genre and, by contrast, demonstrates the commitment of the artist in the production respectful representations of history, women and Black people.

Keywords: cinéma, artiste femme, antiracisme, agentivité, intersectionnalité, Martine Chartrand, cinéma d'animation, représentations des communautés noires, imaginaire féminin dans les arts et antiracisme

AbstractWhile the privatization of agriculture took place over a decade ago in Russia, individual farming has yet to take hold. The economic barriers for the lone farmer are almost insurmountable in most cases. In addition, those who attempt entrepreneurial farming and leave the collective must also be willing to symbolically leave the community. While entrepreneurial endeavors might be appealing to some, and the prospect of the market enticing, for others the questionable moral worth of the capitalist economy has yet to prove compelling enough to inspire abandoning the reorganized collective. The emotional economy, which along with material constraints navigates individuals' choices in subsistence practices, is elaborated as an alternative to neoclassical approaches to private property. Many rural inhabitants continue to maintain the collective identity of their agricultural work because it is so tightly interwoven with historic socio-emotional concepts of « work », “life”, and « culture ». Based on over a year of fieldwork on a former collective farm, this paper examines the emotional, material and social complexities of privatization in a Russian village.

Keywords: Gambold, Russie, privatisation, émotions, économie, entreprenariat, Gambold, Russia, privatization, emotion, economy, entrepreneurship, Gambold, Rusia, privatización, emociones, economía, empresariado

AbstractThis paper puts sex tourism, which expanded in Thailand from the 1960s' onwards, back into the global context of prostitution as it is locally conceived and practicized. Various historic and cultural factors are considered to explain the scale of the phenomenon. The images of the prostitutes and of their Western customers depicted by the local urban elites and the poor peasantry are compared, and their differences pointed out. Based upon mobility and the contact with foreigners from inside or outside, prostitution stands in a deep state of ambiguity which relates to the identity stakes it crystallizes and to the latent tensions between social classes and ethnic components of the nation it expresses.

Keywords: Formoso, tourisme sexuel, prostitution, genre, Thaïlande, Formoso, sex tourism, prostitution, gender, Thailand

AbstractThis paper discusses how tourism, along with a number of other historical processes such as enculturation, and post-colonial nation building, have affected Manggaraians' perception of their culture. In Manggarai, western Flores (Indonesia), people traditionally played a game with whips during the harvest season and during marriage rituals, where men display their skills and try not to be wounded by each other's whips. This game has become an object of tourist attraction. For Manggaraians this game holds increasing importance as a means of promoting their culture, both for tourism, but also for national and regional identity construction. How the game is perceived in various contexts will be explored, particularly what different Manggaraian people think about playing this game for tourists, as opposed to playing it in a ritual context. Through the example of this whip contest, this paper will examine how the idea of “culture” is being constructed in Manggarai, as 'heritage', as 'object' and as 'information', and what role tourism is playing in this construction.

Keywords: Erb, tourisme, représentation, identité culturelle, Manggarai, Indonésie, Erb, tourism, performance, cultural identity, Manggarai, Indonesia

Around 1521, when Anne de Graville published her adaptation of Boccacio’s Teseida—which had already been translated into French in the second half of the fifteenth century—she was already known for her rendering of Alain Chartier’s Belle dame sans merci into rondeaux. Although the poetical transformation at work in this earlier piece may at first appear as an end in itself, a closer analysis of the process of poetical “translation” reveals another dimension of the text: that is, Graville’s exploration of new modes of male and female discourse. Apparently designed as a word-for-word rendition of Chartier’s dialogue, Graville’s rondeaux are marked by subtle shifts of textual perspective aimed at reinforcing the lady’s rhetorical stance. Goaded by the “translation pretext” at work in the rondeaux, I wish here to explore the rhetorical strategies deployed by Graville in the Beau Romant des deux amants, where, though posing as a humble commissioned writer, she deftly manipulates the topoi of a still dominantly masculine genre. While from the 1530s onwards the genre was to benefit from female contributions, gradually accustoming readers to the “feminization” of sentimental narratives, it still remains to be established whether the need for a feminized rendering of the genre’s discursive modes was articulated in a similar guise in the previous decade.

AbstractIn this paper we are interested in the identification and the dating of the turning points of the economic activity in Tunisia, by using the Markov switching approach innovated by Hamilton (1989) for the analysis of the business cycles. We identify the changes of regimes in the stochastic process of the economic growth, by using monthly data relating to the growth of the industrial production covering the period 1994-2004. We base our research on the smoothing probabilities determined by estimating the model of two states Markov switching regimes. The results obtained enable us to identify seven turning points during this period. And, using this approach of two states, we can detect the recession of september 2001.

The authors' study aims to identify the data collected on the archival services and centres of Québec in order to develop a statistical portrait of these institutions from a large-scale survey done in late 2016 and early 2017. The article presents the steps realized in the framework of a preparatory pre-inquiry. Twelve participants responded to a questionnaire on the diverse aspects of archival practice, including administration, resources, digital documents, records management and archives management. The results highlighted the methodological challenges posed by the collection of statistical data and the efforts to standardize to handle such data. At the end of the project, the data gathered will constitute a first point of reference toward a strategy continuously to improve archival services and centers. Also, it will facilitate the study of the evolution of the professional archival milieu.