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Trans elders are an emerging population that includes individuals with diverse identities, realities, and life paths. In this literature review, the authors first address this diversity, in particular in regards to one's generation and to the age at which one has begun transition. The authors then discuss trans elders' physical health, with a focus on the specific issues and needs such people can have in regards to health care services, and on the barriers jeopardizing their access to adequate care and services. The isolation and lack of support that many trans elders face is then presented and some of the barriers that exist in accessing social services and age-related care are introduced. The article also offers multiple recommendations for health care and social services providers and concludes with future avenues of research.

Keywords: transidentités, transsexualité, transgenre, vieillissement, soins et services de santé, services sociaux, transidentities, transsexuality, trangender, aging, health care, social services

This article explores the foundations, laid down in the 1920s, of the Québécois conception of the historical monument, and more widely, of heritage. Heritage is theoretically made up of treasures dedicated by a society to its people; by examining the historical monument, we discover how and why Québécois heritage was in practice determined by a foreigner who became more and more present in the province in the beginning of the twentieth century — the tourist, or more precisely the American tourist. From then on, to the great reinforcement of economic benefits as obvious as it was necessary, "the American" replaced the Canadian English as the Other and, through the Québécois institution of historical monuments, established in 1922, superimposed his own itinerary on the heritage landscape of Québec. This article examines this production of the heritage landscape, built through the identification of its monuments, their location, and the demarcation of a protected and valued countryside. Indeed, in several years, the Foreigner-Tourist left such an indelible stamp on the picture of heritagization that simply following his trail reveals Québec in a different light. Who knows, for all that, if it hasn't been the same elsewhere?

Negative effects on employee well-being as a result of staff cuts are widely hypothesized in the literature, although empirical evidence is still quite limited. This study attempts to determine whether budget cuts and downsizing in the affected departments have had the same impact on Canadian federal public servants' job satisfaction as is suggested in the literature. Budget cuts were rarely added to staff reductions. The results show that budget cuts negatively impact the attitudes of federal employees at a 10 % threshold, but only marginally. Overall, a slight decrease in job satisfaction was observed, whereas the theory predicted more dissatisfaction. In future episodes of austerity, parametric budget or workforce cuts of five percent could be maintained in order to minimize adverse impacts on federal civil servants' job satisfaction.

Keywords: gestion des coupes, réductions budgétaires, réduction de personnel, satisfaction au travail, gouvernement fédéral, cutback management, budget cuts, staff reduction, job satisfaction, federal government

ABSTRACTPollen and macrofossil diagrams from the sediments of two lakes in the Mont-Saint-Pierre area (Gaspé, Québec) allow the reconstruction of the postglacial vegetational history on the plateau and in the coastal valley nearby. Tundra prevailed on the plateau until 10,400 years BP while the valley was partly submerged by the Goldthwait Sea. The afforestation began with the invasion by Picea sp. populations, which were associated with Populus sp. and Larix laricina, followed by progressive encroachment by Abies balsamea and Betula papyrifera. The decrease in green alder pollen, which shows maximum representation during the afforestation phase, indicates the closure of the forest canopy. The afforestation phase ended around 9000 years BP on the plateau but the timing of events was slightly different in the valley. The heliophilous plants persisted there, possibly due to active slope dynamics. The balsam firwhite birch community occupied the plateau since 9000 years BP with only small fluctuations in the relative abundance of the tree species. On the other hand, important changes took place in the valley until 5000 to 4000 years BP, when the successive immigration of Betula alleghaniensis, Pinus strobus, Fraxinus nigra, Acer saccharum and Ulmus americana occurred. This development initiated the present vegetational complex. This study clearly demonstrates that the sugar maple communities never colonized the plateau and occurred in the valley only since the Upper Holocene. This is in contradiction with Dansereau's hypothesis (1944) where the sugar maple communities in the Gaspé Peninsula are interpreted as relict stands of a previously widespread distribution of Acer saccharum during the climatic optimum of the Holocene. The late immigration of sugar maple in the area appears to be mostly due to topo-climatic barriers creating discontinuities in the habitats suitable for the species.

ABSTRACTA core from Chance Harbour Lake contains a record of the postglacial vegetational history of the area. Pink clay, possibly representing glaciolacustrine sedimentation is overlain by 18 cm of black silt with marl layers that represents a first period of organic accumulation. Analysis of the sediment reveals the following pollen succession : herb taxa, shrub taxa, Populus/ Juniperus and finally Picea. This succession is interpreted as the vegetational response to the initial postglacial warming. Between 815 and 755 cm depth, organic sedimentation is interrupted by pink clay deposition related to a period of slope instability. During this period Picea pollen is replaced by Betula, Salix and AInus while Gramineae and Cyperaceae representation increases, indicating cooler climate. Above this interval, 755 cm of gyttja represents a second period of organic accumulation. Analysis of this sediment reveals the same pollen succession observed in the basal organic silt, indicating warmer climate. The palynological succession typical of the Atlantic Region follows : pine, hemlock, birch, beech and finally spruce and herbs. Seven 14C dates define the chronology. The four lower dates are deemed anomalous, and an alternative chronology for this part is proposed. The climatic cycle of late-glacial warming followed by a cooler interval and finally a return to the initial warming trend at the beginning of the Holocene is associated with the European Allerod/Younger Dryas climatic cycle.

ABSTRACTInter-till sediments (Units 2, 3, 4) in a sand pit located 115 km east of Ottawa, Ontario, contain a predominance of deciduous tree pollen including oak. elm, beech and hickory {Quercus, Ulmus, Fagus, and Carya) and minor amounts of basswood, ash and sweetgum (TiHa, Fraxinus and Liquidambar). Unit 4 also contains macrofossils of several plant taxa which presently do not grow much north of the site. The fossils portray an inter-glacial environment (the Sangamonian) with conditions as warm as or warmer than the present in the area. By contrast, overlying Unit 4a reveals a dominance of boreal indicators such as pollen of spruce, pine, willow and alder (Picea, Pinus, Salix and Alnus) and the beetles, Bembidion transparens, Eucnecosum, and Olophrum boréale. Unit 4a fossils indicate a climate that was colder than at present but no colder than the climate of central Québec - suggesting a correlation with the waning phase of the warm interval, or alternatively, with the St. Pierre Interstade of the St. Lawrence Lowlands. Thus the lower till is interpreted as lllinoian in age; the upper till may be Middle to Late Wisconsinan or Early to Late Wisconsinan.

Abstract“A Frenchwoman Writes about Indochina, 1931-1949: Andrée Viollis and Anti-colonialism” examines investigative reporter Andrée Viollis' journalistic career, especially her articles and books on French and other European colonies between 1922 and 1935, in order to challenge recent postcolonial critiques of her 1935 book, Indochine S.O.S, as immured in colonial ideology and rhetoric, including a kind of patriarchal feminism, despite being an exposé of colonial abuses and sympathetic to indigenous rebels against the colonial regime. Following the lines of recent critiques of postcolonial cultural approaches for inattention to the material conditions of colonialism, and feminist transnational scholars who attempt to link labour conditions in the “First World” to those in the “Third World,” The article establishes Viollis' credentials as a liberal, not a maternal or patriarchal feminist, analyses her journalistic style, especially her use of indirect suggestion as a reporter in the popular daily press, and describes the interest in the colonies in the French public and press. Next the article describes Viollis' colonial reporting and publications from the 1920s through 1935, with special attention to her exposés of economic exploitation in British and French colonies. Third, the article examines the evidence cited in postcolonial critiques of Viollis' advocacy of equality between colonizers and colonized as mere equality between people of the same social class, her portrayal of indigenous Vietnamese as degraded, her belief that the French or French women should be moral tutors of the uncivilized natives, and finally her portrayal of indigenous peoples as degraded and animalistic, in light of a full analysis of her career and book. After a detailed analysis of her position on equality, morality, and the condition of peasants and workers up to and in the book, the articles rejects the evidence as partial and decontextualized, and the interpretation as unfamiliar with Viollis' style.

AbstractThis paper examines the gender and class values reflected in the journal of a young English woman who lived with her husband near Sherbrooke during the 1830s. Contrary to the claims of studies dealing with the British gentry in Upper Canada, the lives of the local elite described in Lucy Peel's journal do not conform to the rigid separation of a female private world and a male public one. Men took an active part in the domestic sphere, and women played a central role in maintaining social boundaries.

AbstractThis article examines Portuguese colonization techniques in northern Brazil and subsequent changes during the regime of the Marquis of Pombal (1750-1777), which centred on restructuring defence, settlement, and the role of natives in the colonies. Focusing on the 1758 Indian Directorate, a collection of laws on native policy, the article examines how, despite the Enlightenment humanitarian trappings of the reform, it had a far more complex purpose than merely converting Indians into loyal subjects of the Portuguese crown. The legislation was just one part of a multi-faceted attempt to establish the crown's sovereignty in the Amazon, which included taking power from the Jesuits, subjugating the natives, defining imperial territory, and asserting economic independence.

AbstractThis essay focuses on the role of Lieutenant-Governor Hector-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière in bringing political stability to British Columbia after the turn of the twentieth century. As well as ensuring that the composition of the executive council was based on federal party lines, he worked to ease federal-provincial tensions and exercised a significant influence on the McBride government's highly effective economic reform programme. Joly has been largely ignored by historians, aside from his short term as Quebec premier, but his socially conservative liberalism made him an ideal promoter of Canada's liberal order on the west coast.