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The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of the university experience (scholarship, repetition) on the relationship between pre-entry attributes (father's occupation, gender, place of birth, age at first enrollment, field of study, graduate point average [GPA], time to first enrollment in the university, university reform) and academic persistence in master's degree in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) at a university in Burkina Faso. Cox regression and modern mediation analyses are used on longitudinal data from 14 cohorts of freshmen (n = 13,891). Findings revealed indirect-only mediation (father's occupation [other], field of study, age at first enrollment), complementary mediation (GPA), competitive mediation (time to first enrollment, university reform), and an absence of mediation (direct-only) for gender. There is no mediating effect for the place of birth and the father's salaried profession. Scholarship programs as well as appropriate reforms and policies aiming to reduce repetition are required to improve academic persistence in master's degree in STEM.

Keywords: persévérance aux études, expérience universitaire, analyse de survie, analyse de médiation, Burkina Faso, academic persistence, university experience, survival analysis, mediation analysis, Burkina Faso, perseverança nos estudos, experiência universitária, análise de sobrevivência, análise de mediação, Burkina Faso

The opinion sections in newspapers have become ideal platforms for debating ideas where many intellectuals offer opinions on a wide range of subjects. These platforms are open both to Spanish intellectuals and to a growing number of influential international figures whose opinions are reaching a new readership through their translation in the Spanish press. The present article aims to study how translation operates in the opinion sections in the Spanish press, how it is used and with what aims. For this purpose, we have focused on a newspaper with a wide readership, the Spanish daily El País, and its position with respect to an event with global repercussions, namely, the so-called Arab Spring, i.e. the Arab Rebellions, which started in January 2011. By using a descriptive method, we analyse the use that a specific communication enterprise gives to translation with the aim of establishing its agenda, determining the guidelines it follows and its influence on the target culture.

Keywords: traduction dans la presse, politique de traduction, textes journalistiques traduits, presse écrite espagnole, printemps arabe, press translation, translation policy, translated journalistic texts, Spanish written press, Arab Spring

The literature has little studied demand for improved access to sanitation of households in Africa. Only a few studies have been conducted from contingent valuation method (ex ante demand). Using discrete choice models, we analyze the determinants of the demand (ex post) for improved sanitation services in six poor districts of Ouagadougou. The study highlights original results. The most original contribution of this work is the revelation of a negative relationship between improved access to sanitation and prevalence of waterborne diseases. The use of an improved latrine is not enough to escape the water borne diseases. These results suggest that a combination of public interventions is necessary; the various MDG targets (particularly improving access to safe water, sanitation services and reducing of the prevalence of waterborne diseases) are closely linked.

Comparative musicology has the potential to contribute greatly to our understanding of the evolution of culture. Comparative musicology flourished during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but declined after World War II due in part to its reliance on questionable models of progressive evolution. Its successor, ethnomusicology, generally avoided cross-cultural comparison and evolutionary theory. We propose a return to the forgotten agenda of comparative musicology, but one that is updated with modern scientific method and evolutionary theory. We outline five key areas and debates where comparative musicological data can contribute to an interdisciplinary understanding of the evolution of culture : 1) classification, 2) mechanisms of cultural evolution, 3) migration, 4) universals, and 5) biological evolution. We suggest that examining the coevolutionary relationships between musics, languages, and genes will provide a promising avenue for exploring these areas in future research.

Keywords: Savage, Brown, musique, musicologie comparée, ethnomusicologie, classification, évolution culturelle, migration, universaux, évolution biologique, Savage, Brown, Music, Comparative Musicology, Ethnomusicology, Classification, Cultural Evolution, Migration, Universals, Biological Evolution, Savage, Brown, musicología comparada, etnomusicología, clasificación, evolución cultural, migración, universales, evolución biológica

This article proposes a sociological theoretical framework to analyze and better understand theoretically the roles of the actors taking part in the processes of assessment activities at school. This proposal is based on a narrative review of 24 French-language studies. The normative paradigm underlines the importance of social structures with regard to the actions of actors and makes it possible to understand the institutionalization and homogenization of assessment activities. The social actor paradigm highlights the reflexivity and knowledge of actors, as well as the way they mobilize institutional structures to achieve their goals. The critical paradigm makes it possible to highlight problematic issues within educational systems, which reproduce social hierarchies at school, as well as the means of transforming them and emancipating the actors. This article contributes to the sociology of school assessment by proposing a framework that allows dialogue between studies in this field.

Keywords: évaluation scolaire, classroom assessment, actors, acteurs, sociology of evaluation, sociologie de l’évaluation, enseignants, teachers, élèves, students

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present research is to test whether Canadian mutual funds which charge subscription fees achieve higher performance than those which do not, in order to compensate their shareholders for such fees. Indirectly, the research is also a test of the efficiency hypothesis in the mutual funds market.To compare the performance of mutual funds which charge subscription fees to those that do not, measures such as Jensen's alpha, Sharpe and Treynor indices, have been used, as well as significance tests developed by Jobson and Korkie (1981) on differences of performance measures. The data covered 226 Canadian mutual funds and 75 months from JuIy 1981 to September 1987.The results show that there is no significant relationship between subscription fees and performance. They confirm the results of past studies that mutual funds who charge subscription fees do not realize better performance than those that do not. That mutual funds which charge subscription fees, in some cases up to 9% of the invested amount, still attract a relatively large volume of individual investors' funds is an indication of a non negligible degree of inefficiency in the Canadian mutual funds market.

AbstractThis text describes the CANDIDE model from three critical points of view. First, it presents the structure of the model with the aid of a table of "supersectors" and a flow chart. The discussion of the linkages between these supersectors brings out the general equilibrium character of the model.The center section of the paper deals with the theoretical foundations of the behavioural equations. A statement of the equation specification in each sector of the model is followed by a brief evaluation. The authors confess to an eclectic attitude and stress the practical difficulties of making stylized theories bring order in variegated facts. Exogenous influences on the model are discussed as well.The same eclectic approach is evident in the third part of the text which treats of estimation and validation. A variety of tests and checks—some novel ones included—are applied in the process of developing the model. The authors conclude with the observation that recent tumultuous developments in the economy raise fundamental questions about the validity and usefulness of models like CANDIDE.

Encounters between street-level bureaucrats and the so-called “client of the state” – here the migrant individual with precarious legal status – are characterized by great power imbalances. The dependency relationships that emerge out of public administrative encounters need to be understood as spaces of continuous asymmetrical negotiations. Emotions play a crucial role, not only as a translation of how migrants and bureaucrats mutually shape, contest, and reproduce migration control, but also as a strategic component and a tool for negotiation. Supported by ethnographic data from a Swiss Cantonal Migration Office and a Swedish Border Police Unit, collected between 2016 and 2017, I argue that emotions interweave all migrant-bureaucrat interactions. Their analysis discloses not only the emotional labour of migration enforcement, but also how it is translated into bureaucratically enacted practices, which include physical force, vocal exchanges, documents and spatial means, leading to what Walters (2006) coined “political economies of violence” (438).

Keywords: migration, ethnography, emotions, street-level theory, violence, bureaucracy, migration, ethnographie, émotions, bureaucratie de la rue, violence