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Our article deals with the emergence of an organization devoted to innovation (Le Masson et al., 2006), based on inventive design approaches. We use a multiple case study to analyze the implementation of a TRIZ approach within SMEs.As pointed out by Boldrini (2008, 2010), SMEs willing to implement an innovation oriented organization are likely to seek outside support. Our exploratory study of two innovative firms highlights the role of the intrapreneur for the achievement of organizational innovations (Daft and Becker, 1978; Hage, 1999; Carrier, 1994, 1996, 1997) in SMEs).

Keywords: conception, innovation, entrepreneuriat, PME, engineering design, innovation, entrepreneurship, SMEs, ingeniería de diseño, innovación, iniciativa empresarial, las PYMES

Successful large firms tend to favor incremental innovation at the expense of more radical innovations. Organizational ambidexterity offers organizational designs that are compatible with management of these contradictory forces. However, this literature postulates a balance of these forces without specifying their nature, nor the intensity of their influence. The study of four internal start-ups in charge of the development of innovation breakthrough, within a company dominated by incremental innovations, highlights how some forces are more likely than others to support this type of innovation. This research proposes an in-depth analysis of the balancing mechanisms in highly constrained contexts.

Keywords: innovation rapide, start-ups internes, ambidextrie organisationnelle, paradoxes, fast innovation, internal start-ups, organizational ambidexterity, paradoxes, innovación radical, organización interna, organización ambidiestra, paradojas

The article examines the modes of coordination adopted within modern communities as presented by Adler (2001) and Amin and Cohendet (2004) as major modes of organization of activities in the context of the knowledge-based economy. This research aims to show the originality of the combination of resilient trust and reflexive trust, price and hierarchy within this type of communities based on the case of open labs. Based on a study of twelve innovation spaces in the Paris region, this article shows how individuals mobilize these modes of coordination and emphasizes the originality of their combination compared to firms and market.

Keywords: Communautés, coordination, open labs, hiérarchie, prix, confiance réflexive et résiliente, Community, coordination, open labs, hierarchy, price, reflexive and resilient trust, Comunidades, coordinación, open labs, jerarquía, precio, confianza reflexiva y resiliente

This paper seeks to analyze the extent to which organizations can learn in an Information System (IS) context by focusing on the relationship between projects and communities of practice. Adopting a theoretical framework combining the social learning literature (Lave, 1991; Wenger; 1998, Orlikowski, 2002) and a structural approach (Giddens, 1984), we used an ethnographic study to examine two contrasting learning dynamics in the IS Department of a multinational car manufacturer. Our findings highlight embeddedness and facilitating and inhibiting factors in learning process. Our discussion suggests an integrated knowledge management perspective (Pawlowski, Robey, 2004; Levine, Xin, 2007, Srikantaiahet al., 2010).

Keywords: Learning dynamics, project team, communities of practice, social boundaries, IS context, knowledge management, dynamique d'apprentissage, équipe projet, communauté de pratique, frontières sociales, contexte SI, management des connaissances, dinámica de aprendizaje, equipo de proyecto, comunidad de práctica, fronteras sociales, contexto SI, gestión de los conocimientos

We mobilize the organizational and practice-based literature to determine the mechanisms enabling a social collective to introduce innovation in public rescue. The case highlights how this collective acquired characteristics of a partial organization by: (1) emergent characteristics reacting to critical incidents, (2) an overarching agenda supporting actors participation, (3) complementarity of exclusion and inclusion membership practices to enforce collective identity and reach a critical mass, (4) recognition of collective actorhood through reification practices, (5) the role of a secretariat through theorizing and developing close but discrete relationships with an external actor with critical expertise and resources.

Keywords: Social collective, social innovation, partial organization, organizationality, participation, reification, Collectif social, innovation sociale, organisation partielle, organisationalité, participation, réification, Colectivo social, innovación social, organización parcial, organizacionalidad, participación, reificación

AbstractWe argue that family businesses (FBs) will tend to treat their employees with unusual consideration to form a cohesive internal “community”. They are also expected to develop deeper, more extensive “connections” or relationships with outside stakeholders. Both behaviors should increase the viability of a business intended to support an owning family and its later generations. Such social linkages, we believe, may compensate for the lack of capital, product and labor institutional infrastructures in dynamic emerging economies. This survey study of a most challenging emerging market sector, namely, Korean high technology businesses, largely supports these expectations.

Keywords: entreprise familiale, direction des ressources humaines (DRH), relations entre organisations, lacunes institutionnelles, capital social, marché émergent, family firms, human resource management (HRM), inter-organizational relationships, institutional gaps, social capital, emerging markets

This article contributes to reflections on students' relationship to writing (RW) in the second-language context of Allophone immigrants, for which it proposes the designation RW+. The text is based on a Quebec study regarding the effects of producing plurilingual identity texts on the RW+ of eight Allophone immigrant students with severe educational delays in a secondary-school reception class (experimental group: n=4; control group: n=4). Individual interviews and participant observation are used to describe the participants' RW+ and to determine the effects of the new approach, which, in contrast with the traditional educational practices observed in the control group, is associated with the development of a more positively connoted RW+. This results, among other things, in the students' greater engagement.

Keywords: français langue seconde, élèves immigrants allophones, rapport à l'écrit, littératie, textes identitaires plurilingues, french as a second language, allophone immigrant students, relationship to writing, literacy, plurilingual identity texts, francés como segunda lengua, estudiantes inmigrantes alófonos, relación con la escritura, alfabetización, textos de identidad plurilingües

This paper explores the role of parties, interest groups and public opinion in the enactment of ‘controversial' social policy particularly when the issue is salient with political elites, but not salient with the public. The author analyses party documents, interest group testimony, media statements and public opinion data. He finds that political elites in Canada facilitated the legalisation of gay marriage while anti-gay marriage politicians and interest groups were unable to reframe gay marriage so as to benefit their cause. While political elites engaged in an ongoing discourse, Canadians remained divided on same-sex marriage but also uninterested in the issue. This paper also discusses the key differences surrounding the legalization of same-sex marriage between the United States and Canada.

The development of a responsible conduct comes with singular challenges for SMEs. Therefore, research on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has led to extensive documentation on the potential levers and obstacles to the adoption of such practices. However, the CSR adoption process remains underexplored to date. Consequently, this research aims to identify the trajectories followed by SMEs when adopting CSR practices and to understand what internal and external factors may explain these different trajectories. Based on the study of fourteen hotel SMEs, we highlight the existence of four typical trajectories for the adoption of CSR practices. We also point out the role of internal factors in the adoption of a CSR approach as well as the existence of different levers and obstacles that explain the adoption of different trajectories.

Keywords: RSE, PME, Hôtellerie, Trajectoires, CSR, SME, Hotel sector, Trajectories, RSE, PyME, Hoteles, Trayectorias

AbstractIf design and innovation have been largely studied by researchers in management, this question is relatively less adressed in the craft context. This article deals with the design and innovation figures, identified after three years of work within a regional club associating both different craftsmen and researchers.Based on an empirical study of 15 craft firms in several sectors (sometimes traditional sector) results put into light several various shapes and stages in design and innovation processes.After the presentation of the different theoretical approaches of design and innovation and their limits in the craft context, we expose the research methodology and this original approach of regional club. Afterwards, the proposal of a typology of design and innovation couple is discussed and considered to characterize the cratfman as an original figure of project manager.

Keywords: Conception, Innovation, Artisanat, Projet, Management, Entreprise artisanale