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This article discusses the government of cities. After clarifying the concepts of government, governance, governing and governability as well as the metropolis in a first part, the author focuses on the so many attempts to create a metropolitan government in recent decades. He thus provides a tough but realistic assessment of failures and partial success of institutional reforms engaged in the most democratic countries, but also more recent initiatives presented under the concept of governance (strategic planning, “new regionalism” cooperation between actors, urban political regimes, etc..). In a second step, he explains the rather negative assessment because of the permanence of unresolved obstacles as the ambiguous role of the states, the reluctance and even the opposition from local communities and city centers and finally, the refusal of the populations through the instruments of local democracy. The last part focuses on the importance of political action and the two main projects that must be implemented to make metropolis of political territories : the construction of a metropolitan identity and that of a territorial leadership otherwise, the metropolitan government will remain unlikely.

Keywords: métropoles, gouvernement, gouvernance, gouvernabilité, action politique, metropolis, government, governance, governability, political action, metrópolis, gobierno, gobernanza, gobernabilidad, acción política

The proposals of the Rochon Commission conceming the mode of state intervention in the health care sector in Quebec follow the same overall paths to a solution as did the Castonguay-Nepveu Commission. The theoretical approaches normally used do not allow for an interpretation of this episode as a whole in the formulation of public health care policy. However this interpretation can be quite revealing, and an approach combining the structural theory of Giddens and the structural analysis of Lemieux appears promising.

This article aims to mobilize the theoretical tools of the economical proximity to show how changes in public policy have engaged in the Senegal Delta organizational and spatial dynamics on the backdrop of strong inequalities. It examines the role of coordination and concerted collective responses facing to risks of conflicts of use in the context of disengagement of SAED. Attention is drawn to space inequalities inherited from the previous choices of SAED and perpetuated by the collective actions.

This research aims to question the evaluative approaches in their ability to promote democratic management of territorial projects. Two main conditions of such management can be identified. It pursues democratizing purposes and ensures at the same time, democratic processes of decision-making and governance (1). Faced with the need to develop methods to support the implementation of territorial projects, the strategic evaluation appears as a relevant approach. Its four key characteristics: a temporality “along the way”, a pluralist and participatory governance, an action research posture and an original mixed methodological protocol, promote indeed the democratic roots of such projects (2).

Keywords: Évaluation stratégique, gestion démocratique, pluralisme, participation, recherche-action, Strategic Evaluation, Democratic Management, Pluralism, Participation, Action-Research, Evaluación estratégica, Gestión democrática, Pluralismo, Participación, Búsqueda-acción

Five stages may be defined in the history of aid policy for the development of Quebec public libraries. During the first stage, prevailed legislation and preliminary studies to the implementation of a coherent system. The second is characterized by the application of the first regulations; the third, by a revision of the grants to public libraries, and the fourth, by a speeding up in the development of municipal libraries and by the creation of centralized loan libraries. Finally, in 1985, an ambitious plan for the improvement of equipments, services and productivity will allow libraries to move ahead.The author proposes here a descriptive approach to the course of events observed through those stages.

Carolina Gutierrez Ruiz (ATER, CERAPS‐UMR8026, Université de Lille 2) and Bastien Sibille (Canada Research Chair in Governance and Citizenship, Université de Montréal) investigate the concept of an epistemic community to analyze the governance of political systems whose primary role is to create legitimate knowledge upon which subsequent governmental and political decisions may be based. To this end, the authors' analysis is articulated around two questions : 1. Is the creation of epistemic communities related to a need to know as expressed by the political authorities ? 2. Is the integration of new knowledge into public action effected by means of a transfer of ideas or rather a transfer of individuals ? To answer these questions, the authors investigate the epistemic community that contributed to the development and decentralization of politics and administration in Chile.

In Quebec, both the provincial and municipal governments are responsible for the development of general guidelines and programs related to the management of diversity, and otherwise referred to as interculturalism. The responsibility pertaining to social and economic integration of newcomers belongs to the provincial government, while its implementation is ensured on a local scale by the municipalities. Consequently, each level of administration acts in accordance to its respective delegated powers, but also to promote certain values or goals. By identifying the interventions of the five largest municipalities in Quebec (Montreal, Quebec, Laval, Gatineau, Longueuil), and by distinguishing the three constitutive dimensions of interculturalism (instrumental, humanist and civic), it appears that the humanistic objectives, which seek to promote social cohesion, communication, openness to difference and respect for human rights, are more numerous than those belonging to the instrumental and civic dimensions. On the other hand, the means proposed by municipalities are more instrumental and favour a « clientelist relationship ». The civic dimension is least present. Nevertheless, there are great disparities between the five selected municipalities, which are presented in this article.

Keywords: Rocher, interculturalisme, politiques publiques, Québec, Montréal, villes, Rocher, Interculturalism, Public Policies, Quebec, Montreal, Cities, Rocher, interculturalismo, políticas públicas, Quebec, Montreal, ciudades

AbstractAfter a summary of the main characteristics of four systems for presenting public sector revenue and expenditure in Canada, the paper examines the problems in the definition of the public sector universe or the delimitation of its boundaries and in the division between general government and government enterprise. Moreover, the interpretation of the data on the public sector is made difficult by the fact that the existing statistical Systems do not provide enough information on many relevant objects. Finally, the central problem in the analysis of government activity remains the measurement of the volume of government services.

The aim of this paper is to establish empirically the relationship between the exchange rate regime and fiscal cyclicality. To this end, we estimate several variants of the reaction function of government consumption expenditures specified as a dynamic panel based on a sample of 34 African countries over the period 1980-2012. Implementing the GMM method in difference (DIFF-GMM) as developed by Arellano and Bond (1991), and adopting the de facto classification of Reinhart and Rogoff (2004), we found that fiscal procyclicality is amplified in fixed and intermediate exchange rate regimes while it is weakened in flexible exchange rate regime.