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AbstractAside from his famous astrolabe and his legendary tomb, other objects and places have been associated with Samuel de Champlain. Such is the case with the wampum band held in the collections of the Quai Branly Museum in Paris, which was part of the recent exhibition titled « First Nations, Royal Collections of France ». The exhibition visited the Pointe-à-Callière Museum in Montreal during the summer of 2007. Fairly well known for having appeared in various publications and exhibitions over the last century, until recently it was claimed that this wampum had been given to Champlain himself by the Hurons in 1611, in order to forge an alliance which would ensure the development of New France. As interesting as it would have been to identify this founding alliance, the appearance of the individual beads and of the wampum band in general, Champlain's silence on the subject, the constitution of the royal collections and the way in which this mistaken interpretation developed makes it clear that Champlain never saw or touched this wampum. While underscoring the need for researchers to question objects with the same rigour they apply to written documents, a reflection on this particular object also provides a context for discussing the difficulty of documenting and interpreting Amerindian objects which have been integrated into museum collections.

Facing spatial and economic challenges to nutritious food access in eastern Montreal, public health authorities, community organizations and their partners have established the Réseau alimentaire de l'est de Montréal (RAEM) to coordinate their interventions with low-income households (LIH). These interventions are in line with a spatial perspective in nutritious food access, and with alternative models to conventional food aid. In the context of a partnership research with the RAEM that aimed at identifying alignments and discords in representations of the problem of food access and solutions of three types of actors (member organizations, support partners and LIH), we have carried out a qualitative data collection through focus group and individual interviews. The data were analyzed with a multidimensional model of nutritious food access, which allowed to compare the perspectives of each group of actors. We found that the spatial dimension is not equally important to each actor, and that the personal dimension of food access is perceived differently by each of them. These discords have their importance and impact on the organization of the eastern Montreal food system and highlight the necessity of a critical reading of the mainly spatial framing of food access problems.

Keywords: réseaux alimentaires, accès à l'alimentation, sécurité alimentaire, ménages à faible revenu, recherche partenariale, Montréal, food networks, nutritious food access, food security, low-income households, partnership research, Montreal

How can small organizations detect and manage asymmetric relationships within a complex sector such as Social Insertion through Economic Activity (SIAE) ? Using five embedded case studies, this article examines the interdependence between different entities working for the reinsertion of individuals suffering from long-term unemployment for example, and enables the observation of these relationships and their asymmetric nature. There is a major challenge here since such asymmetries, when badly identified and managed, induce deep inter-organizational disfunctioning, prejudicial to the reinsertion cause. Academic studies analyzing asymmetrical relations are used, Mouzas and Ford's model (2007) in particular, in order to diagnose these relationships and offer small SIAE entities advice or signposts in order to help them manage asymmetric relations within their networks.

Keywords: PME, Insertion par l'activité économique, Relations asymétriques, Étude de cas encastrés

AbstractThis paper examines the differences in labour supply between married immigrant women and married native women in Canada. Using data from the 2001 Canadian census, we find that immigrant women have a lower labour force participation rate than native women (70.6 versus 77.8). Among immigrants, those coming from Asia are the less likely to participate in the labour market. This result is important given the fact that Asia is becoming the main source of immigration in Canada. Also, we find that the wage elasticity of the labour supply is twice and a half higher for native women compared to immigrants (0.18 versus 0.072). This difference in labour supply's responses might indicate that immigrant women have limited choices regarding the labour market participation, perhaps because of cultural constraints regarding the role of woman within the household, or because of the difficulties to find employment. Finally, we find that the wage elasticity of the labour supply is slightly higher for immigrants from Europe compared to immigrants from other regions (0.082 versus 0.058), but remains significantly lower than the wage elasticity for native women.

This article comments on the methodological issues related to a research project led by a pair of binational researchers over a triple field. It focuses on the presuppositions, stereotypes, misunderstandings and misinterpretations that characterized this international comparative research. To deal with the difficulties inherent in this type of analysis, the researchers took inspiration from certain procedures from the Rapid Ethnography (RE) method, in particular those related to « insider » and « outsider » roles. The article first details how the binational research protocol was established and how RE was used. Secondly, it explains some of the issues surrounding RE in a comparative setting: imbalance in language skills and knowledge of cultural referents, adjustments in interview situations, managing the researchers' identities, interactions during and after the interview and the complexity of the process of negotiating meanings.

Keywords: Entretiens, entretiens binationaux, études comparatives, ethnographie rapide, interactionnisme symbolique, Interviews, binational interviews, comparative studies, rapid ethnography, symbolic interactionism

In March 2017 in France, the Hatier publishing house released a French textbook using gender-neutral writing, which aimed at eradicating sexism in language and thus in mentalities. This was not easily implemented since members of the Académie française, conservative activists from “La Manif pour Tous,” the parliamentary group Les Républicains, of which the French Prime Minister Édouard Philippe was a member, and intellectuals have spoken out publicly against this attempt at inclusiveness in the French language. In this study, we propose to assess how the arguments invoked in the controversy over gender-inclusive writing in France hinge on a reactionary, antifeminist rhetoric.

Keywords: écriture inclusive, rhétoriques réactionnaires, antiféminisme, gender-inclusive writing, reactionary rhetoric, antifeminism

Keywords: infractions, loi des normes du travail, emplois atypiques

The research presented focuses on the problem of cyberbullying. It would like to provide an answer to the following question: To what extent the publication in social media of a video about cyberbullying among adolescents is a citizen action? Based on the thinking of the philosopher Habermas, we define a citizen action as an act situated in a given sociohistorical context, which aims to respond to a given social problem by mobilizing knowledge and technical means and whose primary purpose should be the transformation of society. Three individual interviews and 14 focus groups with 75 teenagers attending a youth center were conducted. Their analysis show that adolescents do not make the transformation of society a priority when they produce videos on a social theme such as cyberbullying and that they give little importance to the need of documenting the discourse content in their videos. Their video productions, therefore, can not be considered as civic actions in the strict sense. The results also show that adolescents are attracted by the appropriation of video languages and techniques and by public recognition. Educational priorities based on these findings are proposed. In particular, it is suggested to integrate basic notions of social psychology within any media related teaching, as adolescents tend to think that mass communication targeting a large population can result in rapid and widespread social change.

Keywords: cyberintimidation, adolescents, action citoyenne, critique, éducation aux médias, cyberbullying, teenagers, citizen action, criticism, media education

AbstractStarting from the hypothesis that the sociology of networks provides a more appropriate theoretical framework than that of the literary field for insight into concrete relations between authors, we explore a few concepts arising out of the analysis of networks that provide considerable heuristic potential, including those of social capital, centrality and structural autonomy. Thus, the case of the relations between André Laurendeau and La Relève shows that the former played a central role in the magazine's network, although without ever having been considered as a full participant. The identification of this external centrality in return reveals a characteristic of Laurendeau's socialization work ; he continually built up ties between groups, thus giving himself unsurpassed autonomy in the French-Canadian intellectual circles of the period.