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A number of different empowerment-based approaches are used within each of social work's methods. A review of some of these reveals that empowerment is a multi-faceted process of appropriation, simultaneously operating on at least four levels : participation, skill-building, self-esteem, and critical consciousness. The empowerment process is characterized by the interaction of these components, since each seems to have a specific role to play. Attaining a state of empowerment is also a goal of this process. An examination of the ties between its various dimensions can help identify a number of practice issues related to this phenomenon.

This article proposes a framework to diagnose companies' CSR practices from the same sector of activity. The theoretical review settles CSR as a negotiated order and the value chain is considered as leverage of free-willed integration of CSR actions in the companies' core business. Based on an extension of the taxonomy of CSR strategies of Martinet and Payaud (2008), the framework allows to identify the cooperative logics borrowed by companies to respond to common goods challenges. It apprises about the responsibilities that these companies wish to take up towards the society and offers lessons on their responsible profile.

Keywords: chaîne de valeur, entreprises pharmaceutiques, framework, taxonomie, RSE, pharmaceutical companies, CSR, value chain, framework, taxonomy, empresas farmacéuticas, RSE, cadena de valor, framework, taxonomía

The arrival of thousands of immigrants whose mother tongue is neither French nor English since the 1990s has not been without effect on the geography of languages in the National Capital Region. How has French evolved in the Ottawa-Gatineau region in their presence? To what extent has the fragile balance that had been built up between French and English over time been affected by their growing weight? This article seeks to answer these questions based on an analysis of the transformations in the space of French as a mother tongue over the past twenty-five years in the region. We are also interested in the new possibilities offered by the territory for the encounter between francophones and allophones, and in the capacity of the francophone community to ultimately integrate one part of the latter. The results presented in this paper point to a rather bleak future for French, especially on the Ontario side of the border.

Keywords: français, langue maternelle, géographie, transformations, Ottawa-Gatineau, 1991-2016, immigration, espace de rencontre, avenir du français, French, mother tongue, geography, transformations, Ottawa-Gatineau, 1991-2016, immigration, meeting space, future of French

This article is divided into four parts: the first is a brief survey of race relations in Canada before the enactment of anti-discrimination legislation; the next two parts are devoted to an outline of the scope of this legislation and of the administration and enforcement of it ; finally, the last part suggests some current and possible future developments to make it more effective. Prior to the nineteenth century both the French and the British settlers in the colonies that have become a part of Canada had slaves. Slavery was not, however, very extensive due to lack of large agricultural holdings. At the end of the eighteenth century the legislature in Upper Canada and some judges in Lower Canada limited its expansion and helped to end its practice. The British Imperial Emancipation Act of 1833 brought it to an end. In the next few decades, up to the American Civil War, some Canadians helped run-away slaves from the slave-holding states in the United States, while others actively discouraged them from coming. By the end of the nineteenth century a new source of racial tension arose on the West Coast between the newer immigrants from Asia and the older immigrants from Europe. The result was the enactment of numerous discriminatory laws by the legislature of British Columbia and subsequently, on a lesser scale, by the other western provinces. Most of these remained on the statute books until after World War II. None of these laws were held invalid by the courts on the basis of their discriminatory nature. In addition, both the common law and the Civil Code were interpreted as not prohibiting private discrimination, except by hotel-keepers and common carriers. The change from this situation started in the I930's with a few specific legislative prohibitions of discrimination in specific instances. In the 1940's Ontario, with respect to signs and advertisements and Saskatchewan, with respect to a whole range of activities, enacted legislation prohibiting discrimination, enforcing their prohibitions with penal sanctions. The 1950's saw the introduction of fair employment and fair accommodation practices acts. By the I960's these were being consolidated into comprehensive human rights codes administered by human rights commissions. This trend has continued up to this year, with the result that all eleven jurisdictions have commissions charged with enforcing antidiscrimination codes or acts. The usual, but not invariable, procedure is the laying of a complaint, the investigation of it by the commission staff, an attempt to bring about a settlement and finally, failing that, a hearing before an adjudicative tribunal to determine whether an act of discrimination did occur and, if so, what redress is appropriate. In concluding, three suggestions are made regarding measures that could be taken to strengthen the effectiveness of anti-discrimination legislation: (I) contract compliance; (2) greater independence for the commissions from the government; and (3) giving the legislation paramountcy over other statutes.

This article proposes a new interpretation of a controversial and important figure of early Acadian history, Charles de Menou, on the basis of an analysis of historical documents relating to his parents and family. It shows that while Charles was certainly typical of the old nobility in his general outlook and attitudes, he broke with family expectations and became estranged from his father as a result of his career in Acadia. Although Charles helped lay the foundation for a permanent colony, he also left a legacy of financial ruin and damaged reputation for his widow and children. Despite his hope that he had established a new family estate in Acadia, none of his children stayed in the colony and, in fact, they all died without leaving children of their own.

A study of the learning climate poses to the researcher the question of a judicious and enlightened choice when comes the time to use the appropriate instrument to measure this phenomenon. The author has tempted to fill this need by examining a few categories of measuring instruments and by proposing one which he has adapted to a Canadian context in the French language. Introducing his analysis by a learning climate definition outline, the author of this article has limited himself to the measuring instruments aimed at this concept to be used in college and university environments.

Keywords: climat d'apprentissage, classe, enseignement collégial, enseignement universitaire, questionnaire, learning climate, classroom, college education, higher education, questionnaire

ABSTRACTThis paper use descriptive statistics, kernel regressions and reduced-form analyses to show that mortgage related variables, in particular a variable believed to capture the earnings test of mortgage lending rules, have an important impact on the labor supply of married women in Canada. In a reduced-form weeks-worked equation for wives, the positive impact of the earnings test is shown to exceed the negative effect of young children. This result cannot be attributed to the potential endogeneity of mortgage variables since it is not possible to reject the weak exogeneity of the earnings test using a two-stage procedure that relies on generalized residuals to perform a Hausman type specification test.

One important tool for forecasting in the field of applied economics has been largely overlooked—the identification and analysis of patterns of industrial behavior. The following paper shows how the method of detecting behavior patterns, and the factors which control them, can be utilized for analyzing the past economic performance of an industry and for predicting its likely performance in the future.This analysis has also revealed that when controlled by the same factors, different industries follow the same behavior pattern. This being so, it becomes possible to group industries together and reclassify them on the basis of their common major business characteristics. Of these, one of the most important is their mode of competition. This reclassification also enables us to know when we can transfer experience between industries (within the same group) and when we cannot do this (between industries in different groups).At the present time, significant changes are occurring in the economic, organizational and technical climates. New economic goals appear necessary for Canada and these are suggested. These changes are altering the importance of the factors controlling industrial behavior. The nature of these changes is considered and applied to the case of the chemical industry in the next decade. The analysis suggests what new factors will control this industry, and the direction and nature of the likely changes in it. Given this, an estimate of the economic changes can be made.Analysis of behavior patterns is, therefore, a powerful and essential tool for estimating the future behavior of industries, and of groups of industries, in the economy.

This article challenges the perception that the Official Languages Act (OLA) represents an individualistic vision of Canadian language rights. It is important to note how the more individualistic vision, which indeed defined the initial version of the OLA, has evolved over the past 50 years into a much more community-based vision, far closer to the perspective of André Laurendeau than that of Pierre Elliott Trudeau. In fact, the revised version of the OLA of 1988, infused with the discourse of linguistic duality, implicitly reproduces the argument made by the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism to the effect that Quebec is a distinct society. By recognizing this community-based vision of the OLA, it is possible for Franco-Canadian communities to renew their solidarity. This article will use an approach combining discourse analysis and policy analysis.

Keywords: langues officielles, dualité linguistique, Canada, minorités linguistiques, Québec, identité, official languages, linguistic duality, Canada, linguistic minorities, Québec, identity

This paper is an attempt at the refutation of certain fallacies, which have gained a wide currency in legal and criminological thinking. These fallacies are the following. First, the mistaken interpretation of universal statements such as « Any person condemns murder » as the expression of a cross-cultural consensus about the blameworthiness of a certain type of behaviour ; such statements, it is argued, are mere tautologies reflecting the cogency of our linguistic customs. Second, the erroneous belief that criminology can dogmatically account for the sum of the facts which appertain to its field of study, by means of a single, all-encompassing explanation ; arguments are given fo show that the fate of criminological studies is fragmentation. Third, it is argued that the criminal justice system should be conceived as an apparatus for social provocation rather than as institutionalized social reaction. Fourth, it is pointed out that we must draw an unambiguous distinction between the legal notion of a sentence and the intuitive notion of punishment ; stressing this difference leads the author to compare briefly the main tenets of what he respectively calls dogmatic and sceptical criminology. Finally, the necessity to recognize as separate issues the justification and the allocation of criminal sanctions is proven and it is shown how the penal fascination with capital punishment is responsible for blurring the distinction between these issues.

Keywords: Système de justice criminelle, sanction criminelle, pensée légale, pensée criminologique, peine capitale, Criminal justice system, criminal sanction, legal thinking, criminological thinking, capital punishment, Sistema de justicia criminal, sanción criminal, pensamiento legal, pensamiento criminológico, pena capital