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This paper attempts to show that gender inequality exists in training persons with entrepreneurial intention, before they begin entrepreneurship. We surveyed 229 male and 211 female students in the first, second and third year of the bachelor programme, and at the Master’s level in management at “grandes écoles” (higher education institutions) in Gabon. The data come from a questionnaire submitted to them. A quantitative methodology with hypothetical-deductive logic was used, as well as multi-group structural equation modelling on persons with entrepreneurial intention. The results show that women have a higher entrepreneurial intention than men before they go into business. Female predispositions dominate those of men, notably attitude, determination, perceived social norms, exposure to entrepreneurship/business experience, and perceived self-efficacy. These determinants of entrepreneurial intention evolve more for women than for men, except for perceived social norms. The determinants that trigger women’s entrepreneurial actions dominate those of men, except for attitude and perceived social norms, which are equal.

Keywords: Intention entrepreneuriale, Entrepreneurial, intention, femmes, hommes, women, clivage, men, entrepreneuriat, divide, entrepreneurship

This article sheds light on the process for referring young offenders in France to semi-secure educational centres (SSECs). According to correctional discourses, these special facilities for minors are designed to “break” the cycle of delinquency. The results of a qualitative study involving youth court judges and other socio-legal professionals provide further insight into the mechanisms surrounding the use of this placement option. To begin with, the article shows the importance of age, gender, and special needs for understanding the referral process. It goes on to argue that these criteria need to be analyzed in the light of processes inherent to the justice system, professional interdependence, and operational constraints facing SSECs. Such factors help determine the objectives cited by judges, some of whom stress the importance of distance. Specifically, based on their location, SSECs allow for removing young offenders from their everyday living environments. Granted, as some professionals have pointed out, this approach creates challenges in terms of following up with the young people concerned. Nevertheless, it tends to be valued for its supposed ability to “contain” young offenders while preparing them for reintegration into society. The analysis aims to enhance the literature on the youth criminal justice system by raising questions about the judicial processing of young offenders and the underlying spatial logics.

Keywords: criminal justice, justice pénale, placement pénal, incarceration, France, France, youth court judges, juge des enfants, délinquance des mineurs, juvenile delinquency

This paper is an attempt to explain the changes of agricultural production modes in Cameroon, from a quasi-bio situation in the 20th century, to a situation of generalized chemical assistance in the 21st century. In this country, this is a complex process at the heart of which the phenomenon of globalization acts as a driving force for the inversion of productive values. The social effects make populations particularly vulnerable. Agriculture, a social activity whose purpose is to provide food and nutrition, is caught up in the vicious circle of pesticides and the distortion of endogenous modes of production. In a transdisciplinary heuristic process, the theoretical frame-work adopted is constructivism, whose essential modality is explanation through critique, where socio-ecological transition is the construction of a model in a world dominated by the contradictions of globalization. In Cameroon, for example, the agricultural sector has an opposite view of the model of socio-ecological transition, through the reversal of socio-economic and socio-ecological stakes.

Keywords: Urbanization, Urbanisation, globalization, mondialisation, social-ecological transition, transition socioécologique, human vulnerability, vulnérabilité humaine, agriculture, agriculture

The secular liberal state based on rationalised law postulatesthe possibility of separating politics from a so-called religious domain,with which it would break in every respect. While the liberal state mayregulate the external aspect of religion, it remains the case that the statecontinues to deal with sacred things, to name them, and even to maintainthem in various ways. In this sense, the sacred extends beyond the religiousas understood by the categories of state law. Moreover, the contemporaryliberal state makes itself sacred by various means. This is why it is on theverge of the sacred, whether it be the religious sacred that it imbues itselfwith, or a civic sacred that may predate the emergence of Christianity, themanifestations of which can be seen in the law itself, institutional rituals,the intangibility attributed to state borders, and even the institution ofpolitical representation, the 'totemic' significance of which has beenemphasised by sociology and legal theory.

Keywords: Secular state, État laïque, sacralization, sacralisation, politique, politics, frontiers, frontières, constitution, constitution, separation of the religious and politics, séparation du religieux et du politique, droit, law

In recent years, there has been a narrowing of freedom of expression in Western societies as a result of health measures and benevolent discourses by universities. In this context, the cardinal values of social work are challenged: congruence, authenticity and reflection on the plurality of views of critical thinking. Three postures emerge within the faculty: 1) a total adherence to the unique thought by wearing the mask of authenticity and that of critical thinking; 2) an attitude assumed against the unique thought by teaching without masks the plurality of points of view and the authentic bond; 3) a posture oscillating between the first two. In conclusion, the author defends a work of reliance rooted in introspection, reflection and critical thinking that promotes the maintenance of authentic and congruent links with the recipients of interventions.

Keywords: authenticité, authenticity, autenticidad, congruence, congruence, congruencia, relación de ayuda, helping relationship, relation d’aide, pensamiento crítico, critical thinking, pensée critique, social work, travail social, trabajo social

The objective of this research is to identify and analyze the distribution practices of Senegalese agri-food SMEs that contribute to the successful provision of products to end users. To achieve this, we used the theory of practices by conducting an exploratory qualitative study based on semi-structured individual interviews with 10 agri-food SMEs. We supplemented these interviews with observations of actual practices. The analysis of field data highlights three distribution practices: cooperation with distributors, meeting delivery times and cost minimization. These results also enabled to identify the materials used to successfully carry out distribution practices, the expertise used and the meaning attributed to each practice. The study also enables to propose lines of action that Senegalese agri-food SMEs could implement to efficiently distribute their products, and to make recommendations to state authorities for better support of these companies.

Keywords: Distribution practices, Pratiques de distribution, agri-food system, système agroalimentaire, PME, SMEs, Senegalese context, contexte sénégalais, théorie des pratiques, theory of practices