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Keywords: Abduction, pragmatisme, doute, croyance, recherche qualitative

There is a long tradition in France of studying social mobility, but for a long time the processes of professional transmission within families were studied only from father to son. In Canada, social mobility analyses are much less frequent due to the limited data available and difficulties in coding occupations hierarchically. Taking advantage of INED's Biographies et entourage survey and the University of Montreal survey Biographies and Family Solidarity in Quebec, we can study professional transmission across generations in a comparative way between France and Québec, taking into account both women and men. But first of all, there was a need to code professions in a comparable way allowing an analysis of social mobility. The use of the French nomenclature, which clearly depicts hierarchical socio-professional structures in a stable manner, has made it possible to recreate hierarchical categories for Quebec as well. This article reports on these methodological issues and the potential of these two surveys to address the issue of social mobility.

The distinction between high and low policing is increasingly relevant in the wake of the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. This paper reviews the content of the high policing paradigm and addresses recent criticism. Its first part provides an update of the defining features of high policing : absorbent policing, power conflation favouring the executive, the primacy of protecting the state and massive use of infiltration through of covert informants. It is, thereafter, argued that the high and low police distinction is considered to run deeper than anticipated by the various bodies reporting on the policing and intelligence failure to prevent 9/11. In part three, the place of private security agencies in high policing is assessed. Private high policing must be taken into account, but it only shares in some of the defining features of high policing and is lacking in others. Finally, the contrast between high and low policing is examined in relation to symbolic significance.

Keywords: Haute police, police politique, basse police, police criminelle, commissions d'enquête, High policing, low policing, political police, criminal police, inquiry commission, Alta policía, baja policía, policía política, policía judicial, Comisiones de investigación

Defining what constitutes a street gang and how to identify gang members is a complex endeavour. A number of things characteristic of these groups, notably their elusive and clandestine nature, their heterogeneity, and their continually changing features, have led us to modify our conceptualizations. This article proposes a simple general definition that describes the street gang as an organized criminal group distinguished from those organized crime groups that are defined by law 467.1. Emphasis is placed on the operational nature of markers of association and the rationale behind their development. A new definition of these gangs, combined with an operationalization based on criteria observed by police organizations, offers multiple advantages over definitions developed within an academic setting. The theoretical implications and practical issues of the new definition are also addressed.

Keywords: Gangs de rue, définition, identification, crime organisé, police, Street gangs, definition, identification, organized crime, police, Pandillas callejeras, definición, identificación, delincuencia organizada, policía

SummaryThis paper deals with Mauss's legacy to the historical and comparative sociology of the gift by means of a comparison between his famous Essai sur le don (Essay on the Gift) with Paul Veyne's approach in his study of the evergetic gift in the Greco-Roman period, Le Pain et le cirque (Bread and Circuses). Whereas Mauss stresses basically similar and universal characteristics of the gift through historical periods and cultures, Veyne, on the other hand, insists on differences, distinctions and discontinuities. Indeed, the relationship between Veyne and Mauss is somewhat ambiguous and even parallel in certain ways. The beginnings of a Weberian-inspired position is suggested which, while not denying possible similarities and continuities, also tends to approach the diversity of the gift as an empirical variable and to replace it within a pluridimensional analysis of its socio-cultural and historical contexts.

AbstractThis article examines the printed media's coverage of child maltreatment and child protective services in the province of Quebec. Two questions are examined : What is the scope of this coverage? How are child maltreatment and child protective services presented? In order to do so, the content of the province's main daily newspapers has been analysed for a period of 24 months. This has led to the constitution of two datasets (N = 1211; N = 451). The first one has allowed us to identify trends in the number of articles published over time as well as statistical relationships between the number of articles published and specific news events. The second dataset was used for a more in-depth content analysis of news stories. Findings reveal that child maltreatment is the object, in Quebec as elsewhere, of an important amount of media coverage. This coverage has been found to over represent the least frequent types of child maltreatment and, overall, to provide a rather neutral assessment of child protective services.

Keywords: protection de l'enfance, maltraitance, média, services sociaux, child protective services, child maltreatment, media, social work

While the medical and biopsychosocial models of suicide have been critiqued, the social model adopted in trans studies/movements has not been examined from anti-oppressive perspectives. Thus, the limits of this model are under-theorized. The question at the heart of this article is: What are the limits of the social model that underlies most trans suicidality analyses? Based on a critical discourse analysis of publications in trans studies/movements adopting the social model of suicide, this paper demonstrates that these discourses reproduce forms of stigmatization, marginalization and pathologization of (trans) suicidal people. I argue that the social model produces an epistemic violence founded in mental ableism (or sanism) and suicidism (oppression of suicidal people) by delegitimizing the voices of suicidal people.

Keywords: personnes trans, suicidalité, modèles d'interprétation du suicide, stigmatisation, sanisme, suicidisme, trans people, suicidality, models of understanding suicide, stigmatization, sanism, suicidism, personas trans, suicidalidad, modelos de interpretación del suicidio, estigmatización, sanismo, suicidismo

The amalgamation of the City of Montreal in 2002 required hard work to harmonize tax practices and decentralize local functions to newly amalgamated cities and historic neighbourhoods suddenly transformed into boroughs. The 2006 de-amalgamation added another level of complexity in the governance structure of the city, leading to the creation of the agglomeration. Using data from budgets and financial statements produced over the last twenty years, this article analyzes the evolution of fiscal centralization and decentralization processes that occurred through structures like the agglomeration and the boroughs of the City of Montreal. The analysis shows that the harmonization of tax rates within the new amalgamated city took place on a short period. The divergence in tax rates that remains in 2021 is mainly due to differences in the boroughs' tax rates. The use of these taxes has contributed to increasing the boroughs' financial autonomy. But their budgetary weight within the city steadily decreased over this period, showing a trend towards centralization. At the agglomeration level, financial indicators have been relatively stable since 2006. Our analysis shows that changes in governance structures have however enabled the City of Montreal to improve its relative position among the municipalities of the island of Montreal since the 2002 amalgamation.

Keywords: décentralisation inframunicipale, arrondissements, agglomération, fusions, Montréal, finances publiques locales, sub-local decentralization, boroughs, agglomeration, amalgamation, Montreal, local public finances

The authors' study aims to identify the data collected on the archival services and centres of Québec in order to develop a statistical portrait of these institutions from a large-scale survey done in late 2016 and early 2017. The article presents the steps realized in the framework of a preparatory pre-inquiry. Twelve participants responded to a questionnaire on the diverse aspects of archival practice, including administration, resources, digital documents, records management and archives management. The results highlighted the methodological challenges posed by the collection of statistical data and the efforts to standardize to handle such data. At the end of the project, the data gathered will constitute a first point of reference toward a strategy continuously to improve archival services and centers. Also, it will facilitate the study of the evolution of the professional archival milieu.