Search Results

The history of codification in Africa is inseparable from the colonization period. Colonization per se, at least its political facet, came to an end forty years ago, during which the African States then adopted their own laws adapted to their specific situations. Unquestionably, the French Civil Code has left its influence and still influences African laws. Faced with the legal dualism produced by the importing of the French code, the question remains as to the choice that must be made either for the effective recognition, acceptance and respect of and for traditional African law systems, or for an abyss separating the law systems and social mores. The author has chosen to scrutinize that part of the originally African laws in recent reforms and verify if Africans, indeed, effectively read in them the state of their Law and the soul of their society. Otherwise, why and how may one attain such a goal ?

Cultural narratives of northern wilderness are central to any understanding of the ongoing development of Canada, particularly as they relate to Aboriginal people and environmental change. This paper provides a critical interdisciplinary perspective on the related concepts of region, wilderness and landscape as they are used to describe the North. The literature review exposes the personal, political and ideological uses of landscape to better understand how places, like the George River of Nitassinan, Innu territory, are inscribed with contested meanings. Political discourses about places draw upon economic, cultural and scientific constructions of land and its use, while wilderness mythology continues to dominate public policies relating to park creation and protected area management. The Séminaires nordiques autochtones (Northern Aboriginal Seminars) held on the George River are presented as one prospect for mediating complex land use conflicts through dialogues about culture, wilderness, environment and development.

In line with a distinction popularized by writers such as Ardoino (1984), Bonniol (1988) and Bonniol and Genthon (1989) in France, the following reflection attempts to show that the concept of effectiveness belongs to  "the order of aims" (i.e., of intentions or objectives aimed at) while the concept of efficiency belongs to "the order of programmation" of inputs and outflows. The outflows are the same for effectiveness and efficiency whereas the inputs are different. Effectiveness has intended effects as inputs, whereas invested resources are the inputs in efficiency. In both cases, we can distinguish quantitative components (intended quantitative effects or/and achieved effects, such as the number of diploma holders, quantitative resources expressed in financial costs) and qualitative components (intended and achieved effects expressed in terms of types of performance, non material resources, etc.). In addition, we can differentiate the internal and external facets of effectiveness and efficiency if we are interested in effects as related, respectively, to intentions or to invested resources. We will further try to show that equity, which also has internal and external facets, takes into account additional questions such as the distribution of costs and the advantages derived from educational investments.

Keywords: coût, efficacité, efficience, équité, rendement, évaluation des systèmes, allocation des ressources, cost, effectiveness, efficiency, equity, productivity, system evaluation, resource allocation

International experience is an important issue for the professional integration of young graduates. The article focuses on the impact of international mobility on the development of entrepreneurial potential through a quantitative longitudinal approach. The authors, by mobilizing a reading grid of the capital of international mobility and that of entrepreneurial potential, show that there is a real added value in terms of the components of motivation, skills and behavior. Such added values vary according to the reasons for mobility and personal determinants. They allow us to consider support for international mobility from the perspective of transversal and entrepreneurial skills.

Keywords: mobilité internationale, potentialités entrepreneuriales, compétences transversales, capital de mobilité, insertion professionnelle, international mobility, entrepreneurial potential, transversal skills, mobility capital, professional integration, movilidad internacional, posibilidades empresariales, competencias transversales, capital de movilidad, integración profesional

Our digital society contributes to social participation of many citizens. However, people with intellectual disability (ID) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) must interact with a common digital environment unsuited to their needs. This fact refers to the digital exclusion. Unfortunately, in the field of ID and ASD few models are available to guide practitioners and researchers in the implementation of these technologies. Our team has developed a model presenting and integrating the challenges associated with their use. The pyramid of digital accessibility clearly identifies the dimensions that promote digital inclusion of these populations.

To provide for an effective protection of Canadian national security, a new means of investigation had to be given to the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (C.S.I.S.) when it was created in 1984: the warrant of investigation. The following article highlights the history of the legislative development of that new concept, reviews the nature and scope of the warrant of investigation and, where possible, parallels its effect with those of the authorization to intercept private communications in Part IV.I of the Criminal Code.

Proponents of the « Relational View Theory » encourage a partnership approach of the different stakeholders in an organization. This article develops three more dimensions to interpretations the notion of stakeholders. The normative approach invites the recognition of the different stakeholders, the descriptive approach builds on the stakeholders' knowledge and know-how, while the instrumental or strategic approach points to the management of the relationship network. How can this relationship network be determined ? What kind of relationship strategies can be applied and developed ? We will answer these questions with the help of a case study carried out in an association involved in the social and solidarity economy : the « A.I.D.E.R » association.

Keywords: parties prenantes, portefeuille relationnel, management relationnel, économie sociale et solidaire, stakeholders, relationship network, relationship management, social and solidarity economy (SSE), partes interesadas, cartera relacional, gestión relacional, economía social y solidaria

Historians contribute to the collective memory but, because of their use of methodical investigations, their input is different from other contributors. Although they may be engaged citizens, historians must maintain a necessary distance. This is difficult to do in Francophone minority communities. Being marginalised in various ways, the latter are constantly seeking justice and recognition. In their struggles, Francophone minority leaders refer constantly to the community's deep roots in their location and to their heroic struggles. They believe or want to believe that there was always unanimity within the “community”.This article's goal is to understand the relationship between memory and history in Francophone minority settings. To achieve this, the author relies on the work of foreign and Canadian historians who have studied the question and provides recent examples. Partly analytical, the article is also a testimony based on the author's own experiences in French Ontario.

Keywords: mémoire, histoire, francophonie, minorités, équilibre, memory, history, francophone, French, minorities, equilibrium

This study examines the ability of women entrepreneurs in Burkina Faso to sustain their business in the formal trade and services sector, as they face different forms of subordination and exclusion, the complex articulation of which has not yet been clarified (Marlow, 2019). As women, they have to negotiate the masculine norms of the formal sector. As an established businesswoman, they are at odds with survivalist female norms that have real legitimacy in the country. In this context, how do they navigate between these two gender regimes? Our interpretative approach compares what women say they do to sustain their business with how they comment on their actions. We show that they manage to make the most of both male and female entrepreneurial worlds. This navigation is possible because they work with, adhere to and distance themselves from both the masculine norms of the formal sector and the feminine survivalist norms. However, in this double game, they experience a sense of incongruity and duplicity with both communities. This can limit many of the exchanges that would allow them to make more sense of what they have undertaken to nurture a strategic vision.

Keywords: Genre, Pérennité entrepreneuriale, Afrique subsaharienne, Subordination et insubordination, Gender, Entrepreneurial sustainibility, Sub-Saharan Africa, Subordination and insubordination, Género, Sostenibilidad empresarial, África subsahariana, Subordinación e insubordinación