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The aim of our study was to provide an overview of the reading practices of Senegalese pupils. It was based on a questionnaire survey of 216 pupils. It concluded that pupils do read ! Obviously, this practice is “imposed” by the school environment, but it is also guided by personal desire and for leisure. They read on average between 4 and 6 hours a week. They most often read novels, comic books and magazines. They read above all to keep themselves occupied, but also to escape, to dream, to inform and to educate themselves. The family environment plays an important role in the development of a taste for reading among adolescents. Indeed, pupils who perceive themselves as great readers are those whose parents read a lot and who have a relatively large number of books at home. In general, the parents have a post-secondary education and belong to a privileged social category. While the role of the school library in students' reading practice was somewhat highlighted, the role of the librarian was not clearly established.

Virtual worlds and online games experienced a remarkable increase in popularity in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on ethnographic research, we discuss the use of Second Life as a space of sociability in contexts of physical distancing in several countries. Focusing on the socio-technical characteristics of this digital environment, as well as on the experiences of its users, we propose that the current appeal of this type of platform can be explained by distinctive elements, including: immersion, avatar embodiment, synchronicity, and persistence.

Keywords: internet, mondes virtuels, sociabilité, distanciation physique, immersion, internet, virtual worlds, sociability, physical distancing, immersion

A decade ago, Lenoir, Larose, Deaudelin, Kalubi and Roy (2002) defined the educational intervention construct (EI) in the field of education and teaching. In a subsequent article (Terrisse, Larose & Couturier, 2003), we responded to the restrictive nature of the scope of the EI definition by suggesting a complementary construct: the educational and socio-educational intervention (ESEI). In this article, we look at the ESEI construct from a perspective in which practitioners' competencies necessarily complement one another. Their central work is done directly with children in school, family, and community settings, as well as where these overlap, particularly when it concerns “educational success.” When applied, ESEI is thus characterized by its ecologic foundations and interdisciplinary nature.

Keywords: intervention éducative et socioéducative, interdisciplinarité professionnelle, empowerment, relation école, famille, communauté, réussite éducative, educational and socio-educational intervention, professional interdisciplinarity, empowerment, school, family and community relationship, educational success, intervención educativa y socioeducativa, interdisciplinariedad profesionnal, empowerment, relación escuela, familia, comunidad, logro educativo

Libreville has experienced accelerated urbanization in recent decades at the expense of cultivated areas. Today, actors in this sector are facing land tenure insecurity. An analysis of the reconversion of flood zones that cannot be built for agricultural needs is presented. The objective is, on the one hand, to identify and assess the dynamics of the agricultural areas and built between 2008 and 2020; on the other hand, to determine the strategies of farmers to adapt to the expansion of the city. The methodological approach used combines multisource satellite data, interviews and field surveys, in order to propose a model of the explanatory factors for the location of current market garden sites, from an implementation of the data in a GIS. Finally, the mapping of agricultural areas dynamics reveals the degradation of agriculture by the construction and evolution of exploited spaces which include those five parameters. At the same time, lands that cannot be built on because of the flood, but also those near urban areas, are gradually occupied by farmers as the city grows.

Keywords: Libreville, agriculture urbaine, activité maraîchère, zones inondables, constructions, analyse spatiale, Libreville, Urban Agriculture, Market Gardening, Flood Zones, Urbanization, Spatial Analysis

Within the framework of the federal government's United States census in this year 2020, the author examines the current state of the Franco-Americans of New England by comparing a variety of aspects of their life and culture from the past and the present : the French language, “Little Canadasˮ, the Church, the parochial school, the organizations, the press, electronic media, and literature. He also offers personal reflections on his own family, his education, and his career as they relate to his role as a Franco-American activist. Neither a pessimist nor an optimist, but rather a confirmed realist, he admits that despite enormous losses over the generations, there remains a strong minority of Franco-Americans dedicated to the maintenance of their ancestral language and their culture.

The citizen forum method was used during a study carried out in Romansh-speaking Switzerland to gather opinions – hopes and fears – about advances in genomic medicine in oncology. The intention was to encourage dialogue and mutual learning between specialists – in genetics, oncology, sociology, anthropology and ethics – and members of civil society. The aim of this article is to analyze the organization of discussion groups using deliberative exercises that favoured exchanges of opinion, as well as the citizen public's experience of these forums. The analysis results highlighted the advantages and limits of the forum method. The exchanges were characterized by high points often based on personal experience and sparked by different points of view, as well as the horizontal nature of discussions between citizens, and given value by the attentive way in which the experts listened. Participants were engaged in a process of critical reflection, both personally and collectively, sometimes extended by discussions with those around them that multiplied the number of exchanges. However, the difficulty of adapting the suggested activities to the varied levels of knowledge of the field of genomic medicine came through, as did the fact that the research team “wore two hats” as both experts and moderators.

Keywords: Forum citoyen, méthode délibérative, réflexivité, oncologie, médecine génomique, Citizen forum, deliberative method, reflexivity, oncology, genomic medicine

Abstract This essay discusses the evolution of scientific discourse on the relation between research, teaching, and teachers. The author deals with the following topics: the divergence between research and teaching, the divergence between the teacher's knowledge and that of the researcher, the possibilities for teachers to have contact with research, and teachers' implication in research as demonstrated in several cases. Finally, the author presents an analysis of the implications that are related to the divergence between teaching and research, the pressures to enlarge, open-up research methodology, the level of teachers' participation in research and the bidirectionality needed between the field of teaching and the field of research.

AbstractUsing a case study, we intend to explain the scope and the life-length of an accommodation invoices' market. We chose to study Ventex's case, which is a tax evasion scheme related to Montreal's garment industry that attracted 350 companies during ten years. Our principal source of information are the judicial transcripts of criminal lawsuits and civil actions. We also gathered testimonies of individuals related directly or indirectly to the case.Three theses are examined in this paper. First, the success thesis leads us to study the conditions which ensured the viability and the life-length of the accommodation invoices' market. Second, the bank's employees passive and active collusion with the accommodator is approached in the impunity thesis we develop. At last, the legal outcome of the tax evasion scheme's disclosure, exceptional since criminal prosecution is scarce in white-collar crime cases, is studied in the judicial control thesis. By replicating in part the methodology used in contextual analysis, we aim to expose the dynamics of a complex fraud and to put together various aspects of a criminal phenomenon generally approached separately in the literature devoted to tax evasion.

AbstractIn the Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Zaire), it is generally assumed that popular musicians use magic to increase their popularity. Rumors about musicians describe in great detail their dealings with the occult, especially their alleged connections with human sacrifice. While musicians publicly deny the use of witchcraft, it is not because their position as “modern” musicians precludes this possibility, but because practicing witchcraft is considered anti-social, selfish and unpredictable. With Mobutu in power, corruption is part of a survival plan, and such rumors underline the idea that one can achieve personal success and social mobility by non abritrary means.