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Professionalization is often defined as the implementation of actions enabling continuous and situated development of skills through and within work situations. This definition does not differentiate professionalization from work-based training. It is toward what ends they are used that distinguishes professionalization from training. Training is generally focused on the ability to act, while professionalization focuses on the power to act. In this perspective we use the capabilities framework understood as a power to act, in order to consider professionalization approaches, modalities, practices, systems or situations, and to question the capability to professionalize oneself. We first define terms related to capabilities and then describe the capabilities framework. Finally, we will analyze how this theoretical approach can be used to interpret professionalization.

Keywords: Apprentissage, Professionalization, Professionnalisation, Capabilities, Capabilités, Professional development, Développement professionnel, Power to act, Pouvoir d'agir

This paper reports on the results of a computer-based survey of a large sample of 1910 employers in Quebec. The results detail how employers perceive the work of caregivers and present the measures that employers have put in place to adjust to the needs of caregivers and to help caregivers balance their personal and workplace responsibilities, two interconnected spheres. The results highlight the main organizational constraints, as raised by employers, that act as barriers to establishing practices that favour a work-life balance. Those who have hired caregivers over the last five years remarked on the benefits when caregivers had access to work-family balance practices: improved morale as well as increased loyalty and organizational commitment. Negative effects were namely employees being overworked and receiving a reduced income. Overall, the positive effects identified by employers were cited more often than any negative effects. Regarding the positive impacts for organizations due to the work-family balance practices offered to caregivers, these were related to an improved organizational climate, reduced employee turnover, and lower costs due to less absenteeism. The negative impacts for organizations included the overworking of immediate supervisors and colleagues as well as the financial impacts related to work-family balance practices.

Keywords: conciliation travail-famille-soins, conditions de travail, proches aidants, rétention de la main-d’oeuvre, temps sociaux

The purpose of this article is to indicate how the decisions of the Trail Smelter Arbitral Tribunal, rendered in 1938 and 1941, have made a contribution to the development of international law, including, in particular, the emerging international legal rules relating to transboundary air pollution. Of particular importance was the Tribunal's enunciation of the principle of the international liability of a pollution-source state. The influence of the Trail Smelter case is examined in the light of the Corfu ChannelCase, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963), the Helsinki Rules (1966), the Stockholm Principles (1972), the Nuclear Test Cases (1973-74), the OECD Principles concerning Transfrontier Pollution (1974 and 1976), and the Joint Statement on Transboundary Air Quality by Canada and the United States (1979).Two of the most difficult problems for solution in the case of transboundary pollution are: (1) equal access and non-discrimination with respect to remedies, and (2) liability and compensation. Canadian law has certain gaps in this regard. These and other problems of transboundary pollution pose a challenge for the 1980s and the TrailSmelter principle could make a contribution to their solution.

SummaryThis is an empirical study of discriminatory practices imposed by banks on the industrial bourgoisie and their enterprises in Bahia, the most rapidly developing state in the Northeast of Brazil. Based on a systematic, random (interview) survey of the largest manufacturers and statistical data from banking and governmental archives, the essay establishes the political and economic history of the state and the problems which hindered its emergence. An analysis of credit transactions, short and long term borrowing, and interest rates shows that state banks, particularly the Bank of Brazil, marginalized the industrial bourgoisie associated with traditional economies and family-owned enterprises but endorsed those heading the newer, capital-intensive, often subsidiary of a larger national or international conglomerate. One unintended consequence of state intervention and hege-monization of finance capital is the penetration of foreign capital into labor intensive sectors. This could erode the popular support and sacrifice on which the regime relies to continue its economic miracle. Here is an essay which illustrates how key institutions are used by the State to stratify and control social classes in the most rapidly developing areas in Latin America, if not the Third World.

A growing numbers of researchers in the health sector are opting for innovative research approaches that combine methodologies from the social sciences and the performing, literary and visual arts. This article compares and contrasts two methods for disseminating research findings related to health : science cafés and artistic performance (visual arts, song, poetry, theatre). An analysis of questionnaires and interviews completed by 78 respondents shows that artistic performance is more effective in communicating research results based on three of the four evaluation criteria used : it triggers more emotions among audience members, generates more questions on the topic concerned, and influences a greater number of people to alter their viewpoints and change their practices. Science cafés and artistic performance both help participants to better understand the issues examined. The arts, however, shine a different light on these issues.

Keywords: arts, café scientifique, dissémination des connaissances, évaluation, application des connaissances, arts, science café, knowledge dissemination, evaluation, knowledge translation, artes, café científico, diseminación de conocimientos, evaluación, aplication de conocimientos

Background Housing First does not, on average, reduce criminal justice involvement. This analysis aims to test whether the overall absence of an impact is due to intervention effect heterogeneity as a function of the pattern of lifetime criminal justice involvement, identified through latent class analysis conducted through earlier work.Methods This analysis relied on data from the Montréal, Toronto and Vancouver sites of the Canadian At Home/Chez Soi randomized controlled trial, merged with administrative records of lifetime criminal charges (N = 1,321). Negative binomial models with interaction terms were used to estimate the impact of Housing First, in comparison to treatment as usual, on violent charges, acquisitive charges (e.g., theft, sex work), and administration of justice charges (e.g., breach of probation), for each pre-identified profile.Results Participants with past criminal justice involvement associated with a chronic history of homelessness or with criminalized substance use experienced a decrease in violent charges as a result of Housing First, whereas those with no or little past criminal justice involvement experienced a marginal increase. Housing First did not affect acquisitive or administration of justice charges, regardless of profile.Conclusions Findings suggest that integrating criminological or forensic mental health tools, knowledge and approaches into the multidisciplinary teams that support Housing First service users may be an effective solution, so that all aspects of their recovery, including potential criminogenic needs, are addressed. Future research should focus on the feasibility and effectiveness of such adjunct interventions.

Keywords: évaluation, itinérance, logement, violence, désistement, evaluation, homelessness, housing, violence, desistance

In the Batcham subdivision family farms are ruled by a former land tenure that organizes the relationship of household members to the land. This reduces conflicts to a minimum threshold. To men belong property rights materialized by perennial crops and to women belong culture of food rights, both inalienable. For more than a decade, unprecedented climatic disturbances are jeopardizing these secular equilibrium. To reduce their dependency to cycle of rains now unpredictable, women farmers are strongly coveting bottomlands dominated by plants of raffia-palms that are exploited by men for the production of palm wine. The analysis of women's logic of action in the light of the scarcity and/or abundance of resources theory, suggest that beyond the need to adapt to changing climate conditions, there is a growing challenge to male privilege and, therefore, to the patriarchal nature of the Batcham society. Through semi-structured and informal interviews, we have been able to identify the terms that take this competition around the land and the resources that both men and women mobilize to alienate these bottomlands. The analysis of the logics of action of women in this changing climate context demonstrates a growing challenge to male privilege and therefore to the patriarchal organization of this society. The palm wine, main victim of this belligerence, is rooted in local culture where it is subject to multiple uses. Its disappearance would have serious economic and socio-cultural consequences.

Keywords: changements climatiques, mutations sociales, agriculture paysanne, conflits de genre, Ouest-Cameroun, climatic changes, social changes, peasant agriculture, gender conflicts, West Cameroon

Contracts between Indigenous Peoples and Europeans produced legal effects. A question emanates from this conclusion: in what legal category should we classify such contracts? The treaty signed on July 12th, 1884, between two German commercial firms and two Indigenous chiefs of the coast of Cameroon keeps this curiosity alive. At the very least, it serves as a pendant to international public law as well as constitutional law in Cameroon. On the one hand, it establishes, through the correlation between the “ability to act and international personality”, the international law subject classification of the aforementioned actors and, therefore, allows for a reconsideration of the Indigenous Peoples question proclaimed in Cameroon's constitutional order in 1996. On the other hand, the 1884 treaty puts into perspective the notions of sovereignty and territory that were mobilized by the “colonial legality”, during the international administration of the country and later by “constitutional decolonization law”. This dual aspect, subjective and objective, demonstrates the power relations that have presided over the formation of contracts in the timeless legal order and, starting from our research topic, presents relational international law as indebted towards the egalitarian ethic that it is intended to promote.

The present longitudinal study, which extends the one previously conducted by Haines and Arcand (1997), aims to revisit and analyse the evolution of the human resources profession over a period of three decades from a theoretical perspective of professionalization (Wilensky, 1964).To do this, the researchers took the approach of analysing the content of recruitment adverts for jobs in human resource management which appeared in the Saturday editions of La Presse newspaper in the “careers and professions” section in 1975, 1985, 1995 and 2005. The authors then put forward five hypotheses relating to the evolution of roles, and seven hypotheses relating to the development of skills of those professionals working in the human resources field. These hypotheses are, for the most part, confirmed. Hence, the results of the study demonstrate a marked development in the requirements that professionals have to meet, notably in terms of their roles and skills. More specifically, the findings show that the human resources profession has followed a path marked by the appropriation of a strategic role and skill diversification. Particularly significant during the thirty year period under review is the increase in the requirement for a master's degree, for work experience in the sector of the recruiting firm as well as greater requirements for knowledge, such as competence in information technology, language skills and having skills in areas such as fostering teamwork, communication and leadership.Considering the important role of human resource professionals in the firm, as well as in the industrial relations system, and current debates about the future of the profession and its social legitimacy (Kochan, 2007), the results highlight a number of findings that will be of interest to those people preparing to become human resource professionals as well as to teaching institutions and associations who bring human resource professionals together.

Keywords: professionnels, gestion des ressources humaines, rôle stratégique, compétences, professionals, human resource management, strategic role, skills, profesionales, gestión de recursos humanos, rol estratégico, competencias